Importance of the Journey in James Joyce’s Dubliners Essay

Importance of the Journey in James Joyce’s Dubliners In Ireland the inevitable never happens and the unexpected constantly occurs. Sir John Pentland Mahaffy describes Ireland in a way comparable to James Joyce’s depiction of Ireland in his book Dubliners. Joyce wrote his book of short stories to show how he viewed Dublin and its inhabitants. Joyce did not have positive memories of Dublin and his book casts a negative image upon almost all of Dublin. In Dubliners, James Joyce uses characters and their journeys through society to give his perception of Dublin. In Joyce’s stories with journeys there are many unknown elements to the characters and often their original goals are not accomplished. One story where a character goes on a†¦show more content†¦The boys are so scared that they flee from the old man at their first opportunity and run back home. The old man’s actions also show Joyce’s perception of Dublin. The man shows that there are a lot of unknown and peculiar people in Dublin. The chance of meeting an old man in a wide-open field The old man’s erratic personality and peculiar placement shows Joyce’s perception of some people in Dublin. Another story that has unknown aspects is the story â€Å"Clay.† In â€Å"Clay,† a woman experiences society on a journey to a party with some old friends. One unknown that she experiences is the people that she meets along the way. The first person that she comes in contact with is an old man on the train. The man seems friendly and nice but as they continue talking she begins to think that the man is drunk. Again Joyce uses unknown people in society to show another aspect of Dublin. Two older people meet on a train and have a nice conversation, but as it turns out the old man is drunk and almost tried to hit on her at the end of their ride together. Throughout all of Joyce’s use of unknown stories there are some common characteristics. The most common unknown are the people in society that our protagonists come in contact with. In both â€Å"Clay† and â€Å"An Encounter† characters meet someone simply described as â€Å"an old man.† The name old man has many negative connotations. â€Å"Old man† makes the reader think of a social outcast or someoneShow MoreRelated Compare and Contrast: ‘A desirable society’ Essay2015 Words   |  9 PagesBoth Andre Brink’s ‘A Dry White Season’ and James Joyce’s ‘The Dead’ display two very different societies undergoing artistic, cultural and political transitions. In 1914, Ireland saw the Nationalist party at its peak, where Irish society was desperately searching for a sense of cultural identity and political stability. Joyce takes an apolitical approach in order to objectively show Dublin to his fellow Du bliners in his ‘nicely polished looking glass.’ Andre Brink, in comparison, documents a temporalRead MoreAlienation of Araby Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesAlienation of Araby Although Araby is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyces uses the boy in Araby to expose a story of isolation and lack of controlRead More Themes of Alienation and Control in James Joyces Araby Essay examples1849 Words   |  8 PagesAlienation of â€Å"Araby† Although â€Å"Araby† is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyce’s uses the boy in â€Å"Araby† to expose a story of isolation and lack of controlRead MoreJoyces Araby: a Double Focus Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesinner awareness and the boys first step into manhood. On another hand the story consists of a grown mans remembered experience, for the story is told in retrospect by a man who reflects back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight. James Joyces fascinating double focus: the boys first experience, and the mans reflection to the unforgotten moments of his childhood provides for the dramatic re ndering of a simple story of first love told by a narrator who, with his wider adult vision,Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pageswhere the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the other companion stories in â€Å"Dubliners† the crisis – in the form of a sudden illumination that Joyce called an epiphany – occurs at the very end of the story, and the falling action and the resolution are dispensed with altogether. Exposition and complication

Policies On Cuba Essay - 1888 Words

Policies on Cuba In Juan Rulfos novel, Pedro Paramo, the reader follows a dusty road to a town of death, where the following is said ÓUp and down the hill we went, but always descending . We had left the hot wind behind and were sinking into pure, airless heat. The stillness seem to be waiting for someone. ÔIts hot here Ô I said ÔYou might say, but this is nothing. My companion relied. ÔTry to take it easy. Youll feel it even more when we get to Comala. That town sits on the coals of the Earth, at the very mouth of Hell. They say that when people from there die and go to Hell, they come back for blankets.Ó nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This was the view many Americans had of Cuba in the late fifties and sixties. Cuba was seen as†¦show more content†¦Cuba and the Soviet Union started a relationship in which Cuba benefited the most. Like many relationships, Cubas and the Soviet Unions ended after thirty years of Cold War with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the economic stability of Cuba. In 1991 as the Soviet Union disappeared and the former Eastern Bloc countries struggled for their own existence the future of Cuba once again was questioned. Subsidies, favorable trade agreements, economic and military aid from these countries disappeared. In the early 90s Cuba lost their only major economic connection to the outside world. By 1992 the total value of trade turnover (imports plus exports) with Eastern Bloc countries had been reduced to 7% of what it had been just 3 years previously. The price of its two major exports, sugar and nickel had dropped 20 and 28 per cent, respectively, on the world market. At this time the United States instead of offering Castro a dignified way out of Cubas massive problems by loosening the 30 year old trade embargo instead insisted on furthering tightening it with the 1992 Cuba Democracy Act. This act not only made it more difficult for American companies to deal with Cuba but also set out to punish foreign companies that had dealings with the island nation. As Communism fell in Europe and Asian Communist countries started to become a little more open once again the death of Fidel Castros Cuba was being predicted as the United States led another attack on its economicShow MoreRelatedU.s. Policy Toward Cuba2117 Words   |  9 PagesThe U.S. policy toward Cuba From 1960 to 2014, placed a harsh embargo on trade and economic assistance to Cuba. Most Americans are unaware, of the full reach of the embargo excluding Cuba from economic, humanitarian and business programs that the U.S. has instituted or participated, to provide economic benefits to the other Caribbean and Latin American nations. Reaching that juncture to lift the embargo requires multiple actions by the Executive and Congress that can be real breakthroughs in someRead MoreEssay On Open Door Policy To Cuba1221 Words   |  5 Pages Open Door Policy to Cuba Blake Andrews Randolph Community College Open Door Policy to Cuba For five decades the United States and Cuba have been at each other’s throats, this is reason that fifty plus years ago the U.S. created and embargo act against Cuba making all business between the two country’s illegal. 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The U.S. policy toward Cuba is controlled by the embargo, which contains economic agreements and restrictions on travel to Cuba. The effect of this policy is to minimize commercial, political and resident relations between the United States and Cuba. The State Department indicated that the purpose of the embargo was to have a nonviolent transition to aRead More Differential Effects of American Destabilization Policy in Chile in the 1970s and Cuba in the 1990s3123 Words   |  13 PagesDifferential Effects of American Destabilization Policy in Chile in the 1970s and Cuba in the 1990s Just three years after taking office in 1970, Chile’s military removed the leftist President Salvador Allende from power. In Cuba, nearly forty years after his ascension to power in 1959, Fidel Castro continues to control a communist regime. In Chile in the early 1970s and in Cuba in the early 1990s, the United States exasperated severe economic crises. In addition, the United States attemptedRead More HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies: A Comparison Between South Africa and Cuba 1340 Words   |  6 Pageshave difficulty with this public health concern. Out of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South Africa and Cuba regarding treatment, prevention and transmission will be discussed and compared. South Africa is one of the countries that are part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction to Human Resource Management and Leadership

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Human Resource Management and Leadership? Answer: External factors affecting the labor profile of the University: During 2010 the Australian economy was going through a rough time when the identified problem was found that the growth of International students fell terribly. It is because the international students who took admission in higher education had contributed around AUS$9.6 to the economy of Australia. There were several factors that concluded to this situation. These factors are categorized under external and internal influence. These factors not only led to a decrease in International students opting to study in Australia but also affected the labor profile of many Universities. They are more considered in a macro-level basis, they are changes in the general skilled program on migration and visa norms for International student. The number of International students included a majority of Indian students and the total number of Indian students who enrolled for student Visa was 36326 which represented a decrease in 25 per cent (Hcindia-au.org, 2015). Apart from issues related to Visa, another significant issue was the rise in value of Australian Dollar which contributed in the decrease in Student applying to study in Australia. The Dollar value of Australia had an increase of 18.56% in Chinese currency, 4.9916% in UK Pounds and 4.26% increase in exchange rate with Indian Rupee (RAVIMOHAN, 2010). This increase in Dollar Price made Australia more expensive International visiting destination for travelers. This has made an effective impact because the rise in Dollar price made an expensive living for the International Students and moreover in order to pay the fee the amount they has to give has monetarily had also increased. The existing competition for getting International Students in other countries like Asian countries, USA and UK had also been a major external factor for affecting International students to study in Australia. From 2000 to 2011 the top leading destinations for International market share for academic and educational Institutions are United States, United Kingdom, Germany and France followed by Australia in the fifth position (International Students, 2013). Thus Australian Universities was having a tough competition between other International Institutions. At the beginning of 2010, there was an increase in crime and racial discrimination among the Australians and the non-Australian people which marked Australia as an unsafe place for living. The welfare and safety issues in Australia faced by many students from different countries had forced the Government for an Agenda of Public around May 2009. At that time thousands of students from the federation formed by the Indian students in Australia made a rally in Melbourne. An overabundance of community and Government response made design to ensure the international market about the safety of Students for studying in the Australian University (Mason, 2011). During that time only the Government of Australia introduced vital changes in a way that would help funding the Australian Universities. This was a part of funding system driven by demand along with use of other measures, and under its policy guidelines the university receives funds according to the availability of seats in the Universit ies for each disciplines based on industry and student demand. It was found that many students are opting for engineering, physical science, medicine, nursing and commerce degrees. These were the main external factors as discussed but apart from these factors there are also several factors that affected the international students to study in Australia and affecting the labor profile of many universities including the one which is mentioned. There had been environmental factors such as an easily accessible and a friendly area where the student would feel comfortable to reside during the course of his or her study. These were some of the external factors that affected Universities in Australia. It led the vice chancellor of an Eminent Australian University face a big challenge. The challenge was about the management and the workforce planning. The universities couldnt maintain the present level of staffing to the long-term starting from the medium (Banfield and Kay, 2008). It was seen that the combination of administrative and academic staff were not proper. The university required a good management policy for having too many staff and for better management. In this situation the function of Human resource department came with a solution that suggested a scheme of Voluntary redundancy to the addressed problems. Possible ways that could provide better information to university decision makers: When the discussed University was going through several issues relating to the staff and labor problems, the Human resource depart came with a plan for downsizing their workforce. Human resource planning is a moderately traditional discipline as with changing circumstances there has been several methods used by Human resources which are applicable for an organization. One of the significant roles of a Human resource department is to provide significant information to the decision makers. These information helps the decision makers to decide how effective can the necessary steps be in order to efficiently run the organization. In order to determine the success of the University there is a sheer requirement of engaging the pan for workforce. This planning is set after a goal is set (Sekhri, 2010). The goal for the university here is to have a better management and presenting a long-term staffing. With effective tools the HR would be able to identify the problems. The purpose of this human resource planning tool is to identify the required problems. What these tool performs is to provide information for specific fields so that they could be used in the decision making process of the management (Dinsmore Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). They are, Organizational Structures, Work structures, staffing management plan, project organization chart, networking, text oriented format, compensation, HRIS, communications and surveys. With the help of these tools the HR identifies the problem and plans out for a proper solution. The Organization charts provides the description of positions in a hierarchical format that helps to comprehend the individual work packages and ensuring that the members has a clear understanding about their roles and responsibilities (Steigenberger, 2013). It also helps to identify how many staffs fits for the role they are allocated. It also helps to provide the structure in a top to down arrangement. The Work structures are a breakdown of the structure of an organization which chiefly designs the existing teams, units and departments packages and project allocation. They help to inform about the areas of responsibility and their required levels. The plan for staffing management is a division of a project management plan which demonstrates how and when the human resource requirements will be fulfilled (Kirkby et al., 1998). It can be in informal as well as formal information. It can also be broad or detailed in respect to the project requirement. There is a need for continuous updating process in this tool. Hence it provides the updated information. The management of staffing plans generally includes required time frames for a project group activity for acquisition and its members. The chart of project organization also can be informal or formal and displays the reporting relationship and the project members in a graphical representation in relation to the requirement of the project. The text-oriented formats are basically the outlines which help the team members by providing responsibilities that needs detailed demonstration. With the help of these the HR can provide information about competencies of a worker, the authority that a person is holding, the roles and responsibilities and the qualifications. For an organization in order to redundant their employees it is very necessary to understand whom the organization is keeping and whom the organization is asking to leave. It is so because there are high possibilities of an efficient employee can leave the organization. It has happened with the Australian university also. Networking is a kind of interpersonal, constructive and informal tool for Human resource planning that, impacts on the effectiveness of diverse options of staffing management. Informal conversations, lunch and informal parties meetings and proactive correspondence are considered as a part of networking activities. The compensation policies of an organization helps to determine the efficiency of the employee an accordingly determine their productivity. Compensation also helps to have annual and ongoing activity recognition for volunteers (Chalofsky, 2014). The surveys like interview based and quantitative based helps to have access over various information. The quantitative methods of survey help to identify the labor turnover ratio and the surplus and gap of employment in the organization. Quantitative surveys gives a detailed report on which not only helps in decision making but also helps in identifying the need of the implementation of Human resource strategy. The interview based survey helps to find out why the employee is leaving or what problems and issues the employee is having in the course of his employment. This process was hugely informative and was helpful for the decision makers because they found out a way for providing a voluntary amount to which the person will be paid if he or she would take leave according to his own will. This actually led many people leave the organization. Some people left the organization because they want to take a year leave but still it was found that they got very insufficient leave application. So they called for retrenchment and termination. The only thing the management failed to see is that not only they can lose efficient employees but their efficient work will be handled by a person who is already into his task. This means that the existing employees had to work for double task in the same amount of pay. With the help of communication and HRIS the human resource can identify immediate details about employees and through communication they can convince the employees to leave or remain in the University (Tohidi, 2011). The Information system of Human resource also known as HRIS is an intersection of information technology and human resources through the help of an application. It is an electronic process of operation that helps digitally keep the data related to employees. A HRIS performs innumerous tasks that help to avail solutions. Some of these solutions include the solution for training, human resource, recruiting, compliance and payroll. Most of the quality HRIS process includes flexible designs which comprise databases that are incorporated with a variety of available features (Machado and Davim, 2014). HRIS helps organizations employees to exchange information easily. Presently the notion of downsizing of the existing employees in the Universities required information which the mentioned tools could provide under the supervision of the Human Resource. With the help of these it could provide better information compared to abrupt information they already followed. Advantages and disadvantages of downsizing the number of staffs at the university: The notion of downsizing was an effective tool according to the decision makers. The human resource department after consulting with the stakeholders they chalked out a plan for voluntary redundancy scheme. This scheme explained that the staff can nominate themselves for ending their course of employment with the university and in return they would receive some amount o compensation for their job loss. It was agreed by the higher authorities as the only best option that the university can choose. Along with advantages there were some significant problems like losing a good number of valuable staffs (Daft, Murphy and Willmott, 2014). Many efficient employees opted for better opportunity at other institutes which was easier for them to get. When this scheme did not act accordingly, the director of the university started targeted redundancy. This also made a negative impact on the employees. The impact was not only about the employees who are leaving but also about the employees who tho ught that they had to do more task as the distribution of task will be more for one person. Some employees were demotivated with the fact that their hard works are not considered. This situation required a good amount of emphasis so that the HR as well as the decision maker can analyze which is affecting most, the negative or the positive impacts. The advantages of Downsizing is cost saving, ability to eliminate low productive employees and updating. The initiative of the University was to face the challenges of the external environment created issues. With the contracting of members, the university could not sustain their present level of staffing. So keeping in mind her, downsizing their employees would help them reduce the number of employees to be compensated and provided salary and saving the money in order to have a good circulation and sustenance of the University (Sitlington and Marshall, 2011). Cost saving is one of the biggest advantage of downsizing. If more work is allotted to less number of people, then there will be a possibility to save cost. With that saved money the University can focus more on the other infrastructural improvements. Once the University achieves it desired goals then the University will be able to hire or rehire more staffs. Downsizing also helps in increasing the productivity of the existing employees (Hodgetts and Hegar, 2004). The fear of retrenchment and downsizing make the existing people more productive in their work. Many people take their job for grunted no matter whatever work they does. This brings a reluctant feeling among certain employees and they dont perform their best. Indirectly their individual performance results in bad impression for the organization. Suppose a faculty of the University is always late and most of the time remains absent in his or her period then the student will have a complaint that even after paying fees the fa culty is not doing his job properly. This might extend to students who might give a thought to take admission to the University. That faculty in this case definitely needs to be terminated, but instead the university is offering him voluntarily leaving the University to which he will be provided with compensation (Daft and Marcic, 2014). There is a type of hiring on the basis of reference; in that case there are chances of poor recruitment quality. If they are hired and later they find out that the employee is not appropriate for the profile then they can downsize the number of employees. There are also many disadvantages of downsizing that the university is presently confronting. These disadvantages are, fail in the creativity and productivity of the staff, reduction in general disquiet and job satisfaction among employees, and effect on the public image for the University. In the eye of the public Downsizing can mar the image of the University, this hampers the reputation of the university. A university should be known for its effective teaching, the increase in potentiality of the student and its work culture. Retrenching a good number of people might result in people making negative comments about the university (Child, n.d.). The existing employees might lose their interest of working thinking that he might be the next victim of downsizing. Thus the creativity and the productivity of the employee would lose to a great extent. There is also a fear of losing efficient and potential employee in downsizing. Hence it can be stated that downsizing affects the university to a great extent and in order to overcome these negative impact, there has to be a better Human Resource Strategy. References: Banfield, P. and Kay, R. (2008).Introduction to human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chalofsky, N. (2014).Handbook of Human Resource Development. Hoboken: Wiley. Child, J. (n.d.).Organization. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2014).Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Daft, R., Murphy, J. and Willmott, H. (2014).Organization theory and design. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Hcindia-au.org, (2015).Guidelines for Indian Students wishing to study in Australia | Studying in Australia | The High Commission of India in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.hcindia-au.org/students-guidelines.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Hodgetts, R. and Hegar, K. (2004).Modern human relations at work. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. International Students. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] https://www.oecd.org/, p.4. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EDIF%202013--N%C2%B014%20%28eng%29-Final.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Kirkby, M., Dost, P., Holdwick, C., Poskie, M., Glaser, D. and Sage, M. (1998). Improving Staffing with a Resource Management Plan.JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 28(11), pp.25-29. Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014).Work Organization and Human Resource Management. Cham: Springer. Mason, G. (2011). Naming the 'R' word in racial victimization: Violence against Indian students in Australia.International Review of Victimology, 18(1), pp.39-56. Oecd.org, (2015).OECD.org - OECD. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. RAVIMOHAN, A. (2010).Appreciation of Australias real exchange rate: causes and effects. 1st ed. [ebook] South Wales: https://www.rba.gov.au/, p.11. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/econ-compet/2010/pdf/first-year.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Sekhri, A. (2010).Human resource planning and audit. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Sitlington, H. and Marshall, V. (2011). Do downsizing decisions affect organisational knowledge and performance?.Management Decision, 49(1), pp.116-129. Steigenberger, N. (2013). Power shifts in organizations: the role of high-performance work systems.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(6), pp.1165-1185. Tohidi, H. (2011). Human resources management main role in information technology project management.Procedia Computer Science, 3, pp.925-929.

Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essay Example

Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Paper All of these poems are about the effects of war, and how people feel about it. `Night Patrol` by Alan Ross. This is about a soldier that goes out on a night patrol, he is on a boat that leaves port at last light, and returns to the port at dawn. It shows the daily routine of a patrolling soldier at war. `War Photographer` by Carol Ann Duffy. This poem isnt first hand experience, she is writing as a male photographer that goes to report the war. The man realises the issues of war and death. `Dulce et Decorum Est` by Wilfred Owen, this poem is about a man on the front lines. He faces and describes the dangers or war, gunfire, gas and shelling. Night Patrol, this poem is told from a soldiers point of view. The soldier goes on his night shift patrolling the channel by boat. The first three lines are about his view on going to war, he describes it as if he was forced to go to war. He describes the headland so well that it seems he doesnt want to leave it, but it is disappearing in his view. He talks about the docks, the cranes, and railways. In his shift he sails south from land, he sees the moon as `a rouged face`. He is talking about all this as if hes not going to see it again, this could be the case though, as in the end he is going to war. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He describes it so passionately, and as it disappears out of his view, he then looks at the `sea crumpled in the spray-flecked blackness`, meaning the waves and spray created at the back of the boat. `Towards midnight the cold stars, high over Europe, freeze on the sky This is a very descriptive line that gives the reader a lot of information. He is confirming that he is on a night patrol on a boat. He is also saying that he is somewhere in Europe, the North Sea. The way that he worded the line makes you feel the coldness that he is experiencing. He uses the expression of the stars freezing in the sky, giving it a cold feeling, a clear sky without clouds indicates a very cold night. I feel that he finds his day tedious and must have seen it many times before. He sees `stigmata in the sky, meaning Anti-Aircraft guns firing away piecing holes in the sky. He also hears gunfire, this I think scares him as his life is at stake. It is made worse by that he can only hear them, not see them. Then from Dunkirk he sees `red flames opening fanwise`, or an image of death, the fire then burns out and he is back to normal. As the shift is coming to an end they pass another patrol boat coming from England. Heading back he sees some clouds overhead, and back in early light he sees minesweepers going out. He is trying to get across that the daily routine starts all again, but for another man. War Photographer was written by Carol Ann Duffy, it is not a first hand piece of writing, she has written about a male photographer that has gone to war to take photos. As this is not a first hand piece she may have not got all the detail correct, unless she has spoken to a photographer that went to the war. In the first line it says that he is in his dark room and `finally alone, this suggests that he has been waiting for this moment for a long time. `With Spools of suffering set out in ordered rows The pictures taken were war photographs, most pictures taken in war had horrific outcomes, people dying or injured. What she is saying is that loads of pictures are set out in rows (each negative of the film). She then goes on to give you a little description of what the room looks like red lights that softly glows. It is quiet and he is alone, as we know. He is taking his time, and carefully developing the film. Taking photographs is his livelihood, so he was very professional about it, `his hands did not tremble then though seem to now. When he took the photograph he did not have the time to think of the horror and see the proper effect of war, he was there just to take photographs, as a professional. Now that he is in the comfort of his home, his emotions have caught up with him. `Something is happening, one of his photos is coming through, and he sees it as a stranger. He remembers how and when the photo was taken. The woman crying, lying there bleeding on the floor, `blood stained into foreign dust`. A very descriptive piece. Hundred agonies, these are the photographs showing the horrors of the war zones but only five or six will make it into the Sunday supplement. Discarding the photographs in theory is like discarding the stories and tragedies. The readers will be moved by the photographs, but, as they are between the bath and the pre-lunch beers, they are obviously more interested in their own lives. In the final two lines the photographer is on a plane heading presumably, for another war zone. What he sees from this point is the landscape where he works, full of people who feel nothing for the subject that earns him a living. Dulce et Decorum Est`, is written by Wilfred Owen, he has done many other well-known war poems and was tragically killed during the great war. Dulce et Decorum Est is about a battalion going to war and facing a daily routine of being at the front lines. `Bent double, like old beggars under sacks`, this is a very powerful first line that gets the reader thinking straight away. The message that he is trying to get across that these fine young soldiers have been worn down and are acting like old women. A flare is set off, and the whole battlefield is lit, meaning that they can see and be seen by the enemy. Men were so tired that they were marching asleep, some had lost boots, but that was the last thing on their mind. Swaying as theyre marching, `drunk with fatigue`. Gas hit them, they are all fumbling to get their masks on, the large clumsy things that they are. Someone wasnt quick enough and was burnt, by the `fire and lime`. Everyone staring out of there gas marks, a green mercy sight, as if under water. `In all my dreams before my helpless sight he plunges towards me`, what he is trying to say here is that he is haunted by the memories of what he had seen, of the terrible effects of the gas making the man choke, drowning in his own blood. In the last stanza, he is describing it as if he is there, saying that you have to be there to experience it. He describes the vision of the dead person clearly. `His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin`. It may look like hes been hung. The body having been exposed to the gas is rotting away, his corrupted lungs, bleeding, `bitter as cud`. He is saddened by the fact that all these people have lost their lives, but he may also be happy that the battle is over. To sum up this poem he uses a strong finish, Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Meaning it is noble to die for your country. It does not necessarily mean that hes not afraid of death, just that he thinks it is noble to die for his country. All of these poems have the relationship of war. The main message that all these poems are trying to get across is that war isnt good. In all the poems there is a sign of fear, either first hand or not, the writer still knows that theres fear. In all of the poems there is no positive part to it. In the `War Photographer` the photographer hasnt got the time to realise what is really happening, hes only there to get a front-page snap. When hes home he can have all the time to recollect his thoughts. The photographer cannot be part of his home setting because of the horrors he has witnessed, and the people for whom he works cannot fully appreciate the photographers work because they have no idea of the real circumstances of war. `Night Patrol`, the soldier that goes out on patrol seems to be scared, and wants to stay on land. He also seems fed up of the shift and continuous patrol that risks his life.

Pressures of Society on Celebrities Essay Example

Pressures of Society on Celebrities Essay Example Pressures of Society on Celebrities Paper Pressures of Society on Celebrities Paper Synthesis Essay: Pressures of Society My topic focuses on societal pressures on celebrities and people. While research may confirm that both celebrities and people have the same problems, you cant help but notice that celebrities are more Judged. This is a highly controversial topic because we are so quick to Judge someone based on their actions without really knowing them. While some people think celebrities are a bad influence some still think they can also have some benefits to the community. People and celebrities go through some of the same problems, the only difference is celebrities have no privacy in their ersonal lives and they are put on a higher pedestal. However, we may never know if the high pressures of society will ever change and be more open minded before judging people based on their outside appearance and mistakes. Jack Marshalls article, The Sexualization of Teen Celebrities Is Ethically Questionable, discusses young teens that idolize stars and want to be Just like them so they dress and act the same. Similarly, Julie Mehta article, Celebrity Culture Promotes Unrealistic Body Images, discusses how the younger generations want to look like celebrities and view that their bodies are not as fit or thin enough. Despite the fact that the articles bring up different questions about how we look up celebrities too much, the authors both argue celebrities are idolized too much. Marshall does this by stating, The early sexualization of TV actresses whose fans are young teens and pre-teens has a strong rippling effect across the culture, encouraging girls to go where their idols appear to be going (Marshal. This statement points out that the younger generation wants to be their idols so much that they start mocking what they do. Mehta begin her argument by saying, Perfect images of perfect celebrities are everywhere, and its nough to make anyone feel insecure or envious. (Mehta. ) The article describes the flawless images of celebrities in the media can disturb ones thought about body image and self-esteem.. She goes on to state, Seeing all those artificially perfected images can hurt your body image- the way you see and feel about your body and the way you think others see you. (Mehta. ) In summary, these articles support the argument that we compare and contrast ourselves to celebrities because we feel like that will get us closer to the glitz and glamor of their life. Another source that talks bout the pressures of society is Chris Hedgess article, Celebrity Culture is Harmful. He discusses how celebrity culture only results to self absorption and materialism. This also connects to the main point of Emily Stimsons article, Celebrity Culture Harms Teens. Their article sheds light on the obsession of celebrities and how dangerous their influence really has on the younger generation. Both articles talks about celebrities fame disturbing our society. Hedges and Stimson both talk about stars lives as only the matter about wealth, fame and dont have a touch of reality. He tates that, gossip and chatter dominate what really matters in the nation (Hedges. ) With this statement one could say he is right, people are more bound to watch television talking about the latest sandal with down spiraling celebrities than watching Fox 4 news talk about the war in Iraq. Stimpson states that, American teenagers are obsessed witn celebrities and becoming tamous, which nas negative emotional and social consequences (Stimpson. ) The authors go on to fully detail what is wrong with our community and their reasons they think that celebrity culture has ruin our society. In conclusion, this research may be used to support that celebrities are idolized too much and once they make a mistake, we throw it out of proportions, and we criticize them for it. While some of the articles focus more on celebrity obsession, the other articles take into consideration that maybe it isnt their fault that they are so corrupted, but because of the pressure of being perfect that corrupts them. When will we realize that we put too much pressure of stars? How will they be able to make a mistake, when to them it feels like they are walking on eggshells? And once they make a mistake we are there to Judge them and talk down n them, because they got caught. No one is perfect, so why do we have such high standards for them to be? We yearn to be center of attention, to be noticed and admired. We build social media sites only for the sole purpose to present our image in the world. Why are willing to give up our privacy to become famous? We have become so infatuated with celebrities and their fame that we watch everything they do so we can do our best to be Just like them. Has our society become so obsessed with money and power that we have lost track on what is really important in the world? That is a better question. Marshall, Jack. The Sexualization of Teen Celebrities Is Ethically Questionable. Is Childhood Becoming Too Sexualized. Olivia Ferguson and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from The Ethics of Child Stardom, Part Two: Miley Cyrus in Vanity Fair. Ethics Scoreboard, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Mehta, Julie. Celebrity Culture Promotes Unrealistic Body Images. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Roman EspeJo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Pretty Unreal: Ever Wish You Could Look as Hot as Celebrities Do? Well, They Dont Look as Good as You Think. Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader Publication Can. 2005): 15(4). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. Hedges, Chris. Celebrity Culture Is Harmful. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Roman EspeJo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Addicted to Nonsense. Truthdig. com. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013 Stimpson, Emily. Celebrity Culture Harms Teens. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Fame and Misfortune: Why Teens Thirst for Celebrity in Todays Culture. Our Sunday Visitor (1 1 Jan. 2009). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.

Definition and Examples of Maxims

Definition and Examples of Maxims Maxim, proverb, gnome, aphorism, apothegm, sententia―all of these terms mean essentially the same thing: a short, easily remembered expression of a basic principle, general truth or rule of conduct. Think of a maxim as a nugget of wisdom―or at least of apparent wisdom. Maxims are universal and testify to the commonality of human existence. It is often difficult to tell whether a maxim means something, or something means maxim.   -  Robert Benchley, Maxims from the Chinese Maxims, you see, are tricky devices. As Benchley suggests in his comic chiasmus, they generally sound pretty convincing at least until a contrary maxim comes along. Look before you leap, we say with conviction. That is, until we remember that he who hesitates is lost. Examples of Dueling Maxims English is full of such contrary proverbs (or, as we prefer to call them, dueling maxims): The bigger the better / Good things come in small packages.Whats good for the goose is good for the gander. / One mans meat is another mans poison.Birds of a feather flock together./ Opposites attract.Actions speak louder than words. / The pen is mightier than the sword.Youre never too old to learn. / You cant teach an old dog new tricks.All good things come to those who wait. / Time and tide wait for no man.Many hands make light work. / Too many cooks spoil the broth.Absence makes the heart grow fonder. / Out of sight, out of mind.Its better to be safe than sorry. / Nothing ventured, nothing gained. As William Mathews said, All maxims have their antagonist maxims; proverbs should be sold in pairs, a single one being but a half truth. Maxims as Strategies But then, we might ask, what is the nature of proverbial truth? In his essay Literature as Equipment for Living, rhetorician Kenneth Burke argued that proverbs are strategies designed for dealing with situationsfor consolation or vengeance, for admonition or exhortation, for foretelling. And different situations call for different proverbs: The apparent contradictions depend upon differences in attitude , involving a correspondingly different choice of strategy . Consider, for instance, the apparently opposite pair: Repentance comes too late and Never too late to mend. The first is admonitory. It says in effect: Youd better look out, or youll get yourself too far into this business. The second is consolatory, saying in effect: Buck up, old man, you can still pull out of this. ( The Philosophy of Literary Form, 3rd edition, Louisiana State University Press, 1967) Maxims in an Oral Culture In any event, the maxim is a handy device, especially for people in predominately oral culturesthose that rely on speech rather than writing to pass along knowledge. Some of the common stylistic features of maxims (features that help us remember them) include parallelism, antithesis, chiasmus, alliteration, paradox, hyperbole  and ellipsis. The Rhetoric of Aristotle According to Aristotle in his Rhetoric, the maxim is also a persuasive device, convincing listeners by conveying an impression of wisdom and experience. Because maxims are so common, he says, They seem true, as if everyone agreed. But that doesnt mean that all of us have earned the right to use maxims. Theres a minimum age requirement, Aristotle tells us: Speaking in maxims is appropriate to those older in years and on subjects of which one is experienced, since to speak maxims is unseemly for one too young, as is storytelling; and on matters in which one is inexperienced it is silly and shows lack of education. There is an adequate sign of this: country folks are most inclined to strike maxims and readily show themselves off. ( Aristotle On Rhetoric : A Theory of Civic Discourse, translated by George A. Kennedy, Oxford University Press, 1991) Finally, we might keep in mind this bit of proverbial wisdom from Mark Twain: It is more trouble to make a maxim than it is to do right.

Botnets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Botnets - Essay Example Botnets come under the category of such inventions and become a source of much distress for the computer user. Botnets pose different kinds of threats like denial of service, spamming, click fraud etc. Several techniques and mechanisms have been adapted to enhance the security measures of networks and avoid any damage by botnets. ‘Bot’ is defined as a single computer that possesses the malicious program to make it a part of a wider network of similar computer systems, which is known as ‘Botnet’. Botnets are defined as an autonomous set of programs that perform functions without the aid of any user. They are either controlled by one system or multiple systems, which are known as the botmaster. A distributed nature of botnets involves a set of distributed computers that communicate with each other over the internet and perform some tasks together (Banday et al, 2009). The communication between the bots and the botmaster can be a direct link but such communication can make the botmaster identifiable in the network. Therefore, such direct links are not used. On the contrary, command languages and control protocols (C&C) are used to manage the bots remotely (Banday et al, 2009). These set of programs were initially developed to automate tasks on a set of machines to minimize the need of the presence of a person and to enhance communication and resource sharing. But the concept of their usage changed drastically when they started being used for malicious purposes. Botnets started being developed for the purpose of financial gains and recognition. The hacker’s scale of goodness of a botnet is the degree of damage that it is able to cause. Intruders and spammers can install the software (required for intrusion) in a number of ways. The user might not even be aware of the vulnerability of his system and may become a bot in the network of similarly compromised computers. The first step in this unpleasant activity is the identification of a computer on the

US Intel Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

US Intel Community - Essay Example Therefore, the confederate and the union leadership valued intelligence and thus established spy networks. Over the years, both the legislative as well as executive arms have devised committees and commissions that have proposed for the reorganization of the US Intelligence Community. The goals of these proposals reflect the international environment and the American foreign policy trends as well as all domestic concerns regarding governmental accountability3. The constitution gives Congress the power to authorize militia use to execute the union’s laws, repel invasions and suppress the insurrection4. The Intelligence Community has so far accomplished counterintelligence and foreign intelligence. Counterintelligence involves gathering information, protection against espionage, sabotage or assassinations by foreign governments or terrorists. Foreign intelligence refers to the information about foreign government’s activities or the activities of international terrorists5. Since the Act’s creation, which coincided with the establishment of the modern Army, only four men have held the demanding job of the Army’s Chief of Staff (â€Å"Top Soldier†)6. Best, Richard A. â€Å"Proposal for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004.† CRS Report for Congress, Last Modified 24Th September 2004, Accessed 3rd September 2014, http://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32500.pdf Doyle, Charles & Elsea, Jennifer, Elsea, K. â€Å"The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law.† Congressional Research service, Last Modified 16Th August 2012, Accessed 3rd September 2014,

Intro to Aircraft Systems Essay Example for Free

Intro to Aircraft Systems Essay All single rotor helicopters need some way to counteract the torque that is created by the rotor blades spinning around the mast. The most common anti-torque system used on helicopters is the Tail Rotor System. The Tail Rotor System is a relatively small rotor and transmission attached at the end of the tail boom that is driven from a shaft coming from the main engine and transmission (ASA, Helicopter Flying Handbook 1-5). Another anti-thrust system used less frequently is the Fenestron system. It is driven in a similar way to the standard tail rotor system but instead of two rotor blades at the end of the boom there is a series of rotating blades that are enclosed in a protective shroud, thus adding a degree in safety by protecting the tail rotor blades from ground contact (ASA, Helicopter Flying Handbook 4-7). The anti-torque system I want to discuss in greater detail is called the â€Å"NOTAR† system. The NOTAR system is dramatically different in design as it does not require another rotor at the end of the tail boom to create thrust and in losing that tail rotor this system has a number of advantages, added safety being one of the crucial benefits. The NOTAR system uses the natural characteristics of aerodynamics along with thrust from pressurized air exiting the tail boom to provide the thrust needed to counter the torque being produced by the main rotor (ASA, Helicopter Flying Handbook 4-7). It does this using the following components that are built into the design of the helicopter: air intake, fan, tail boom the can contain and control airflow, tail thruster cone, and two vertical stabilizers at the end of the tail boom. The first component of this system is the air intake, or a large opening on top of the rear fuselage. This intake is covered by a fine mesh screen designed to keep foreign objects from getting sucked into the system (Wagtendonk 190). The intake pulls air into the second component of this system: an enclosed variable-pitch composite blade fan. This fan’s purpose is to create a low pressure and high volume of ambient air that is sent into the tail boom, pressurizing it in the process. The fan blades are variable-pitch meaning their pitch, or pitch angle, can be increased or decreased creating more or less volume of air that is being introduced into the tail boom (Wagtendonk 190). The fan is located just behind the main transmission where the tail boom connects to the fuselage and is driven directly by the main rotor gearbox, this ensures that the fan is always providing directional control including when in auto rotation (Wagtendonk 190). The tail boom is the third and very crucial component of the NOTAR system. It looks similar to a standard tail boom but has a bigger circumference, is made from composite material and is completely hollow on the inside. The tail boom is designed with two parallel slots that run the length of the right side that allow the fan air (low pressure) to flow out and downwards (Wagtendonk 190). This movement of airflow energizes, or speeds up, the boundary layer of downwash flow that is created by the main rotor. This is called the Coanda effect (Wagtendonk 190). This essentially makes the tail boom a wing in relationship to the airflow created by the main rotor- low pressure on the right side and high pressure on the left side creating lift/thrust in the opposite direction of the torque from the main rotor. The Coanda effect is most effective when the helicopter is at a hover and can produce up to 60% of the needed anti-torque force. When forward speed is gained or in windy conditions the main rotor downwash begins to angle away from the tail boom reducing the Coanda effect (ASA Helicopter Flying Handbook 4-7). At the end of the tail boom we have another component to this system that provides the remaining force needed to produce enough anti-torque: the rotating direct jet thruster cone. The direct jet thruster is basically a nozzle at the end of the tail boom that directs the flow of the pressurized fan driven air. When the airflow reaches the nozzle, it first hits baffles located inside the rotating nozzle, which helps direct the airflow out the rectangular opening on the cone (Wagtendonk 191). The pilot can control the orientation of the cone by making pedal inputs- pressing the left pedal points the opening on the cone to the left side creating more anti-torque while right pedal turns the cone to the right reducing the anti-torque thrust (Wagtendonk 191). The final component to the NOTAR system is the twin vertical stabilizers that are attached on each end of the horizontal stabilizer. These stabilizers provide most of the anti-torque once the helicopter is in forward flight (ASA Helicopter Flying Handbook 4-7). Unlike the standard helicopter vertical stabilizer the left stabilizer actually moves and acts like a rudder, moving in unison with the rotation of the direct jet thruster (Wagtendonk 192). The right stabilizer is more like a â€Å"yaw damper† and is hooked up to a Yaw Stability Augmentation System (YSAS) (Stephens, â€Å"NOTAR: More Than What It Appears To Be†). The YSAS consists of a small electro-mechanical actuator that moves the right stabilizer based off of information coming from a yaw rate gyro and lateral accelerometer that is installed in the cockpit (Stephens, NOTAR: More Than What It Appears To Be†). There are some distinct advantages of the NOTAR system over the more conventional tail rotor and Fenestron anti-torque systems. One obvious advantage when comparing the NOTAR system to any other helicopter in flight is the amount of noise level reduced due to the lack of another added rotor (Abdollahi 6). In fact the MD 900 (which uses NOTAR) boasts the lowest noise levels of comparable helicopters (Abdollahi 6). Another advantage the NOTAR system has over the conventional tail rotor design is added safety. With no tail rotor, the NOTAR system eliminates the hazards of tail rotor strike, foreign object damage, and eliminates hazards involving people walking into the tail rotor (Wagtendonk 189). Also, the ability to control the heading in crosswind conditions is improved, and tail rotor blade stalls are eliminated (Wagtendonk 189). Though the NOTAR system is not widely used in the helicopter industry it is proven to be a highly effective, safer, anti-torque system. Its simple design using the natural characteristics of aerodynamics adds to its advantages, as does the additional safely gained regarding passengers and the pilot by eliminating the need for a tail rotor.

Genetic Screening :: Science Technology Religion Papers

Genetic Screening The door opens and your doctor steps into the room. The doctor is wearing a frown on his face. He tells you that they just got your tests back from the lab and wants to refer you to a genetic counselor. Given the current trend in our society man y of us may fare this situation in our future. But what does this mean to our lives, what can these tests really tell us? In this document I will address what type of tests are considered genetic screening and what they can tell us, the ethical argument s floating around in the media today, and how you should embrace this new technology. What is Genetic screening Many of the tests we call genetic screening are for pregnant women. Pregnant women are given many tests to screen for possible fetal developmental problems. Some of the tests done are blood tests to tell if the women has a higher predisposition t o have a baby with spina bifida, or fetal Down syndrome. (Blatt 1997) These tests are safer than the invasive tests and many people are hoping that someday all of the genetic screening done will be done on the mothers blood, this te chnique is called fetal cell sorting. But today many of the tests that can be done on the fetus require invasive techniques, like a needle for amniocentesis and precutaneous umbilical blood sampling where a needle is inserted into an umbilical vein in ue tero. These tests can actually screen the genes of the fetuses. And in some situations women choose to terminate pregnancies because of the results. One test done on newborns has been in practice since the sixties. Phenylketonuria is a disease that can cause retardation if not caught early enough in a child's development. The government has mandated the testing of newborn for this metabolic i mbalance that can be treated by proper diet. (Blatt 1997) Many other diseases can be diagnosed at birth with relatively no danger to the infant as compared to the invasive procedure describe earlier. But many of these diseases that can be diagnosed have no known treatment for them like Phenylketonuria. From newborns on up to adulthood many new diseases can be diagnosed. Many tests have been developed, and more are developed everyday thanks to the Human Genome Project. The sheer enormity of data scientists are being presented with virtually ensure that almost everyone will have some genetic disorder that could be identified.

Teenager’s Lifestyle

Teenager’s lifestyle Nowadays, teenagers have changed in comparison with the teens in the past, taking into account eating habits, an active way of life, spending free time and clothes. They are a â€Å"technology† generation. For teens in todays’ world mobile phones, internet, music, movies, television and video games are very important. Most teenagers prefer watching TV and playing computer games to reading books. They don’t like reading because watching TV is easier and they don’t have to use their own imagination. Computer games teach but they are also harmful to health.Teenagers prefer to spend free time in front of a computer rather than to walk, play football or go to a swimming pool. Moreover, games transfer them into the world which doesn’t exist. It is very exciting for the youth. They meet with friends in such places as McDonalds. Teens eat there unhealthy food. They eat too much fast food. Every teenager needs a balanced diet, app ropriate personal hygiene and physical activities in the fresh air, for example, playing a ball, going running, swimming, driving on the bicycle, playing in tennis or walking.This should be for them more interesting than sitting for hours in front of a computer or TV because such a mode of life leads to the improvement of mood, health and physical shape.. Young people choose less healthy kinds of entertainment than sport, putting away bicycles in the corner. They eat too much fast, unhealthy food, which is very fatty and drink too many sugary drinks. This leads to obesity. However, nowadays young people, especially girls, allow themselves to grow fat, or torture themselves with diets, which leads to various diseases with physical basis like anorexia and bulimia.Young people must not give up food, especially breakfasts because skipping breakfast is a frequent cause of fainting which can cause frequent complications and even leads to death. It is crucial to limit the amount they eat, but only in a reasonable way, if at all possible after the consultation with the dietician. Young people have to remember, that a healthy lifestyle requires appropriate nourishment, but they also must not forget about personal hygiene.Personal hygiene plays a very important role in healthy lifestyle. It should be an indispensable element in the life of every young man. Its task is the maintenance and strengthening of health. Notable part of young people think that taking a shower once a week, wearing sweaty clothes and splashing over them with a deodorant is proper, but it is not. For example, before a young man goes to bed, he should develop a habit of not being able to fall asleep without having a bath first.Everyday toilet will prevent skin diseases as complexion of every person requires systematic nurturing: washing in soft water, abrasion, creaming and protecting before diseases. Therefore personal hygiene institutes an important part of healthy lifestyle and it cannot be skipp ed, just like physical activity. Physical activity has a large influence on young people lifestyle. Physical activity improves health condition in various ways. It helps the organism to utilize the calories better, which helps to maintain a desirable weight.Physical activity reduces the appetite and helps in the reduction of the fatty mass of the body. The beneficial influence of physical activity on health mood does not raise any doubts any more. The research reveals that regular training among the youth( and not only, but also by people at any age) is an important factor improving the health. However, too little popularity of psychical activities among the young people is a huge problem. It is a frequent and more and more general problem and causes various diseases such as: heart failure, lungs deficiency, spine problems etc.Here is a list of advantages of physical activity: †¢ reduces the risk of heart diseases †¢ protects before the osteoporosis, †¢ burning the ca lorie intensifies, †¢ favours the masses of the body to lowering and maintenance of the desirable weight, †¢ leads to the growth of the basic transformation of the matter, †¢ reduces the appetite †¢ helps in the reduction of the fatty mass of the body. Thanks to these useful tips, we can easily build the whole strategy of the healthy lifestyle in order to effectively fight with overweight and obesity.To get rid the excess of fat, we can cultivate different kinds of the sport, depending for age, sex or interests. However you should remember about warning of several principles so that our effort brings desirable results and does not harm our health. Another aspect worth mentioning is communication via the Internet, especially instant messaging, has become an essential feature of teens’ social lives. Teenagers say, that this can be very helpful to communicate, learn and can be fun.Through the Internet they can download music and other files and play on-line g ames, for example, with their real or virtual friends. What is more, cellulars are very popular among teenagers and can be used to do a lot of things: we can communicate with friends using them, have a nice time playing games, listen to music and also watch films. For a lot of young people mobile phones are indispensable and they simply cannot imagine life without them. Teenagers’ clothes in the twenty-first century have also changed a lot.The clothes they wear depend on current trends since it is important to follow fashion. School uniforms aren’t so popular today like in the past. Girls more often wear jeans than skirts, boys wear wide sweatshirts and trousers. The fact is that nowadays teens get dressed in clothes which are comfortable for them. All in all, it can be stated that the lifestyle of teenagers depends on many factors. It is connected with the constant development which is taking place and as a result is different from the lifestyle of young people in the past.Every young man should lead a healthy lifestyle independently of age or interests. This should be one of the things that you do every single day. According to many scholars that is the liability of every man, and everyone should try to take the advantage of this life the best he or she can. Young people should be aware of positive influence of healthy lifestyle on health and mood. This in effect would give them better results in studying and what is more important they would be pleased with good health much longer.

How a Bill Becomes a Law Essay

Nearly 10 percent of children in the United States suffer from asthma, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dealing with a chronic health condition like asthma has several significant effects on a child’s lifestyle. Childhood should be fun and carefree, but kids with asthma have to take on some very big worries and responsibilities. They need to learn which symptoms and events are likely to trigger an attack, such as cold weather, exercise, stressful situations and exposure to secondhand smoke. Kids, their families and other caregivers must all learn to recognize the signs of an attack and how to respond to it quickly, such as using a steroid inhaler during acute attacks. Some kids also take daily maintenance medications, such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, which may reduce the risk of future attacks. Being active is a key component of being healthy and physical activity is a major part of many kids’ lives. However, kids with ast hma often have limitations that make it difficult to participate in sports, active playground games and activities like dancing. Asthma doesn’t usually prevent kids from participating in these events, but they are often at greater risk of experiencing an asthma attack in these situations. Both the children and the adults on the sidelines need to be aware of the possibility that an asthma attack could occur and what to do if it does. Anything that makes a child stand out can cause feelings of embarrassment and even shame. Kids with asthma may fear having an attack at school, or feel uncomfortable about having to use an inhaler in the presence of their friends. They may feel left out when they can’t always participate in activities with their peers. Having any serious, chronic illness is scary, and kids with asthma need extra emotional support to develop additional coping skills. Asthma often causes missed school days and these absences from school can quickly lead to a child falling behind. Kids with asthma may need extra tutoring to keep up with their classes, and understanding teachers who are aware of their students’ health issues are crucial. In some cases, severe or frequent asthma-related illness and hospitalization may even require parents to consi der homeschooling. Parents of children who have asthma often worry constantly about their child. When a child is first diagnosed with asthma there tends to be frequent emergency room visits due to the fear of the parents for their child’s safety. This situation impacts the whole family. Places that are unhealthy for an asthma  sufferer are avoided, which can keep the other family members from having these experiences. The direct costs of asthma are estimated at more than $9.4 billion. This cost is born by individuals, families, health systems and insurance providers according to the Allergy and Asthma Advocate.

How to Find SAT Scores by High School and District

How to Find SAT Scores by High School and District SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, I assume you’re a student or parent considering your options for your or your child’s high school education. When comparing high schools, average SAT score can be an extremely useful metric since it can give you a sense of the quality of the education and the caliber of students at that high school. There are several methods for locating a school’s average SAT score, each of which I'll outline in this post. I'll also explain in more depth why you should care about average SAT score and what it can tell you about how high schools compare. How to Find SAT Scores by High School: Your Options There are several ways to track down a high school’s average SAT score. The best option for you will depend on your home state. For all states, you can order SAT reports for graduating seniors by high school from the College Board, but it costs $95/report, and you must be a school officer (e.g. a principal or school counselor). If you're a school officer or are good friends with a school officer, you should consider this option. Unfortunately, this is the only method that will work to find the SAT scores for all schools in all states. For many states, if you’re looking for the data for public high schools, the best method is to track it down through the Department of Education’s website for your state. Later on, I’ll explain how to find a district’s or specific public high school’s average SAT score using this method. This method will guarantee you’re getting up-to-date, correct, unbiased information, but the Department of Education only has the data on SAT scores by high school for public schools. This method will not work for the following states: Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado* DC Hawaii Illinois* Iowa Kansas* Kentucky* Louisiana* Michigan* Minnesota* Mississippi* Missouri* Montana* Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma* Oregon South Dakota* Tennessee* Utah* Wisconsin* Wyoming* *NOTE: while these states do not provide SAT data, these states do provide ACT data. For information on how to find that data, read our guide to finding ACT scores by high school. For these states and for private high schools, you should try one of these alternate search methods: look on the high school’s website. send an email to an administrator at that high school asking for the average SAT score. send an email to the Department of Education in your state asking for the data. Google search for "[High School Name] Average SAT Score." However, the search/school websites often have unreliable or outdated information (i.e. SAT score averages from three years ago). Many schools only remember to update statistics on their website every few years, and administrators may give you the same outdated information. Also, it may take administrators or Department of Education employees a while to respond to your request, especially if they’re on summer vacation. How to Use the Department of Education’s Website to Find a School District’s or Public High School’s SAT Score Start by conducting a Google Search for your state’s Department of Education. Search â€Å"[State Name] Department of Education.† As an example, I searched for Florida’s Department of Education (see screenshot). Typically, that state’s Department of Education website should be the first search result as it was below: Once you’re on the Department of Education website, there should be a search box in the upper right-hand corner. In this search box, type â€Å"SAT score† or â€Å"SAT data.† That search should bring up the SAT data for the state (see below). Make sure you select the option to view the most recent SAT data. For example, the first link above says ACT, SAT, and AP Data. The second link says ACT, SAT, and AP Data Archive. The first link is where I’d look first for the most recent data. The ACT, SAT, and AP Data Archive link most likely provides the data from past years. The first link brought me to the page below: If you’re looking for data or a specific public high school, select the option that will show you SAT School Participation and Means. It may not be labeled the same for your state. However, it should say School in the title. This link will provide you with school specific data. If you’re looking for data to compare different school districts, select the SAT District Participation file. The district option only provides you with the average SAT scores for each district in the state (without breaking it down by high school). You’ll have to download the file to your computer (which it should start to do automatically when you click on the link). A large Excel file should open that looks something like this: What this document shows will vary by state, but all of them should list the high schools and SAT scores either as a composite score or as separate section scores (Math, Critical Reading, and Writing). In the Florida document, it provides the average section score by high school with a breakdown of average section score by race and the number of SAT test-takers by high school with a breakdown by race. To locate the schools you’re interested in, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search the file (as I’ve done below). When you find the data for the school you’re searching for, add together the 3 mean section scores to approximate the average composite SAT score for that school. I grabbed the below numbers from the brown highlighted columns (which had the average SAT section scores for the high school) in the Florida SAT spreadsheet. 580 + 593 + 561 = 1734 If you’re having trouble accessing this SAT data for your state through the Department of Education website, I recommend you contact your state’s Department of Education (the contact information should be on the Department of Education’s website). Typically, they have a specific phone number or email to contact if you’re in search of data (which you are!). If you’re having trouble getting in contact with the Department of Education or if you want information on private high schools, then I’d recommend you reach out to the high school administrators or, as a last resort, try doing a Google Search for "[High School Name] Average SAT Score." Though, as I mentioned above, websites and administrators may give you outdated information. Why Does a High School’s Average SAT Score Matter? You should care about a high school’s average SAT score because the SAT measures not only intelligence but also perseverance. For the SAT, student perseverance in SAT preparation can drastically change their score. If a student has just slightly above average intelligence, with enough SAT preparation, he or she could get a perfect score on the SAT. Through extensive studying and practicing of test content and test format, test-takers can do very well without being geniuses. If a high school’s average SAT score is high, it suggests 2 things: the quality of education is better and the students at that high school care more about their education (or more specifically the pursuit of higher education). Since the SAT does measure your intelligence to some degree and your education is responsible for how much innate intelligence you possess, the better the quality of education you receive, the better you’ll perform on the SAT. However, as I said earlier, your SAT score is also affected by how much you prepare. If a high school’s average SAT score is above average, you can bet the students at that school are also more invested in their education and more committed to getting into a good 4-year college. These students likely study more and spend time preparing for the SAT. If you're concerned about your child receiving a quality education and being surrounded by hard-working students, consider sending them to a school or school district with a higher average SAT score. Devil’s Advocate: Why Shouldn’t You Care About Average SAT Score? While SAT score can be an indicator of education quality and the quality of students, SAT score may not give you a full picture of the high school. Many public schools have magnet programs (or gifted programs) which you apply to that are separated from the â€Å"regular† track at that high school. These programs often have a higher caliber of student and better quality of education than the rest of the school. For example, my public high school had an International Baccalaureate magnet program. The program had rigorous qualifications to be accepted while the â€Å"regular† high school track had no entrance qualifications. As a result, I’d guess that students in the IB program had higher average SAT scores than the students on the â€Å"regular† high school track. However, the published average SAT score mixed the scores of IB students with the non-IB students at the same school. Therefore, you can’t figure out what the caliber of education and student will be within a magnet program at that school from the average SAT score. Also, as I said before, a big part of your SAT score is how much effort you put into preparing for the exam. If you attend a school with a low average SAT score, that does not mean you’re doomed to have a low SAT score. If you attend a school with a high average SAT score, that does not mean you'll get a high SAT score. No matter what high school you attend, you need to work hard and learn the test format and strategies to reach a high score on the SAT. What’s Next? If you're planning for college applications, learn about the new SAT and some general tips on how to prepare for the SAT. Before you start studying for the SAT, figure out what’s a good score for your target college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

7 things successful people do over the weekend

7 things successful people do over the weekend Perhaps you picture financially successful people jetting off to Ibiza for the weekend. Or maybe the truly accomplished spend their free time writing novels over Sunday brunch? Whatever your vision of success, the time the weekend offers is valuable to everyone- and some of us are definitely squandering it. Let’s explore a few simple ways you can spend the weekend time to become the best version of yourself. UnplugSuccessful people finish their tasks, then leave work behind. Stress from work can eat into your weekend if you let it, rendering the time useless. There’s nothing worse than an unfinished task gnawing at you or work emails reminding you what you need to do once Monday rolls around. If you set clear work-life boundaries, especially with your tasks and tech, it will result in fewer nuisances over the weekend and a better focus during actual work hours. Really, ask yourself- can’t this email wait until Monday?RestBelieve it or not, successful people do ha ve downtime. No one can run with all cylinders firing all the time; if you tried, you would burn out quickly. Successful people are good at scheduling themselves during the work day, which includes scheduling break time. Maximizing a successful weekend means taking that time to recover from the work week. Whether it’s in the form of meditation exercises, getting lost in a good book, or simply getting a couple good nights of sleep, prioritizing rest helps you recharge for the week to come.Challenge yourselfWhy not run the extra mile? Exercise is just as important for the mind as it is for the body. As with rest, you maximize your potential when your body and brain get a boost from physical fitness. But a successful person might take it up a notch beyond the stationary bike at the gym. They challenge themselves to go further: hike a mountain, train for a triathlon, take up kickboxing, or simply try something new they’ve never done before. When exercise is about striving towards a goal or making new discoveries, it fosters the kind of dynamism that make successful people excel.Develop other talentsSuccessful people can possess a laser-like focus on their goals, but highly successful people don’t just excel in their field; they likely have talents in other areas. Diversifying is not just for the financial portfolio. Art, music, or learning a foreign language helps you to challenge yourself mentally and to develop a healthier, balanced brain. The drive that helps you succeed can be used to help you find fulfillment and harness talent in other aspects of life.SavorOn the weekend, successful people make the most of their time- not by filling every second with action, but by enjoying what you can while you can. It’s the difference between savoring the flavor of coffee vs. guzzling it down like diesel fuel. Making the most of the seasons, getting outdoors, and enjoying family time are important ways to recharge over the weekend.Let the back- burner workSometimes your best ideas come to you when you’re not actively working. Innovation can be brewing in the back of your mind while you’re busy cultivating a life outside of work. Successful people are on the lookout for those ideas, ready to capture them- which means taking time away from the grind.Plan out the weekendSo how do you rest, challenge yourself, develop a new talent, unplug, and spend family time all in one weekend? It’s no secret that successful people plan out the hours of their work day to meet goals efficiently. Why wouldn’t they plan the weekend too? If you’re torn between weekend goals, planning recreational activities ahead of time helps you get the most out of the day. Just remember: the planning shouldn’t be stressful. The most successful weekend is the one you enjoy.

Value chain for carrefour company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Value chain for carrefour company - Essay Example This ensures that the company meets the needs and requirements of its many customers. In order to secure customer loyalty and competitive advantage, Carrefour offers its customers with a wide selection of products at best prices. Carrefour operations focus on providing products that meet the needs of a wide range of customer requirements. The retailer has every store format that meets the needs of its customers and copes with changing market trends. Carrefour has hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, cash and carry stores (Carrefour, 2012). The company uses current technologies and innovations to strengthen its operations. Carrefour seeks to offer the best range of products and services to its customers. The company’s convenience stores offer convenient services and practicality to its customers. Carrefour’s operations seek to meet the requirements of its customers. Carrefour uses Electronic Data Interchange system for procurement of its products. The company makes these products available to customers through a variety of stores worldwide. Carrefour human resource management ensures that all personnel provide quality services to customers all over the world. This is by strengthening human resource department and customer relations. Carrefour combined with See Beyond to implement and install integrated composite application network software. This was to enhance its operations and deliver quality services and goods to its customers. The software would allow Carrefour to customize its operations to various local conditions. Using the software, Carrefour would integrate its stores, distribution centers and local supply chain partners all over the world. Carrefour strengthened its inbound logistics by giving its managers the freedom to buy products from local suppliers. This increases customer loyalty thus, offering the company competitive regional advantage in different areas (Carrefour,

Virtual Realities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virtual Realities - Essay Example NASA's mandate is to address three elements before introducing a new training modality: reduce training costs, improve safety and improve astronaut performance. Any new technique needs to demonstrate superiority in at least one of these parameters. It is important to note that there is a significant 'S-curve' effect in adopting any new methodology: lots of effort going in, then significant payback as the new methodology is adopted and demonstrates greater productivity. One can look at NBS as a 'perfected' technology, one in which a lot more effort will not improve the methodology very much. If, on the other hand, IVR can be shown to be superior at present, the 'S-Curve' effect dictates a greater improvement in the future. NBS has been established since the 1960's to help train astronauts on EVA. There is therefore a substantial record of learning times on specific tasks, which can then be correlated using real spacewalk experience. With over 30 astronauts who have gone through the NBS training, then the actual EVA experience, we therefore have a database to establish four elements: Two elements: cost to train and effectiveness, can be measured on NBS in a fairly straightforward way. Safety, however, can only be subjectively addressed. This is because there have been no significant safety problems that have led to the loss of an astronaut or a hazard that has stopped an entire mission. In this case, a 'score sheet' for NBS would look as follows: On the ground In space Cost per trained astronaut $/astronaut N/A Tasks performed effectively % of tasks performed effectively % of tasks performed effectively Tasks performed safely Subjective rating (1-10) Subjective rating (1-10) By comparing on-the-ground NBS scores with in-space actual scores, we can therefore 'normalize' the NBS effectiveness and safety results to correlate them with in-space EVA results. Each of the tasks judged to be important can be thus scored, and a complete score for all NBS tasks for eventual EVA tasks can be evaluated and scored, as follows, one score sheet each for effectiveness and safety: Effectiveness Score Sheet (example) Ground Space % achieved Weighting 1-10 Activity 1 95% 85% 85/95= 89% 9 Activity 2 99% 98% 98/99=99% 6 . . . By weighting each task in regards to its importance to the mission, NASA can come up with an overall weighted score which allows for establishing the effectiveness of the training, and how much additional improvement can be made per task, and in overall EVA tasks performed. The three ways to use this are: 1. Establish the effectiveness of training using NBS on the eventual results. 2. Create a 'score' which normalizes NBS results for use when looking at IVR, and 3. Establish which areas have the greatest potential for improvement, thereby increasing overall scores. The above scoring approach works for both the safety

Civilization or people Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civilization or people - Term Paper Example This essay attempts to prove that Hannibal’s victory at the Battle of Cannae should be attributed to the Carthaginian general’s tactical brilliance, and not to mere luck (i.e. the Roman army was seriously weakened by earlier battles). If Hannibal had exploited his triumph by attacking Rome, the Roman historian Livy believes, the Romans would have been obliged to bring peace claims. However, Hannibal decided not to attack Rome at the moment. Livy believes that this judgment was the ‘salvation of the Roman state.’1 The Battle of Cannae In 217 BC, Hannibal based his army near the Adriatic coast and kept on destroying villages in southern Italy.2 Polybius recounts that Hannibal was deeply informed of the problems posed by the Italian invasion and was aware that his main predicament would be resources.3 Rome was very weak at the time because of the massive losses it sustained the year prior. Still, Rome assigned Quintus Fabius Maximus as the new leader. Because Hannibal has a mightier cavalry, Fabius rested his army in the hills in order to reverse this advantage, resorting to the attack-retreat strategy. This was shrewd and successful given the changing balance of power after the defeats at Trasimeno and Trebia4: â€Å"The Romans hovered in the vicinity of the Carthaginians, cut off stragglers and foragers, and prevented them from founding a permanent base. The strategy avoided Roman defeat and dimmed Hannibal’s glory. It successfully kept Rome’s allies from declaring for Carthage, but it aroused great opposition among Romans themselves, for their state had thrived on a tradition of offensive warfare.†5 However, this was only a brief success. Fabius tried fearlessly to attack the Carthaginians in Falernia. He made sure that Hannibal was caught off guard. That moment, seeing his position as hopeless, Hannibal brought together all the animals in his encampment. He attached flares to each of them and made them attack the Roman encampment. Fear and bewilderment followed. Masked in darkness, with terror raging in the Roman encampment, Hannibal withdrew his whole army of 70,000 soldiers without any fatality on his side.6 Fabius had successfully held back Hannibal for six months, but the Senate decided to end his tenure as commanding officer and assigned two ambassadors, Varro and Paulus. They had realized that to confront Hannibal with not enough advantage would lead to a definite tragedy. Hence, they amassed a huge army: â€Å"Rome assembled the largest army they had ever placed in the field, eighty thousand infantry, and seven thousand cavalry.†7 Hannibal passed through the Aufidus River. The river was actually a barricade in case of defeat. Hannibal planned to take advantage of this positioning to tempt the Roman army to attack. Another lure, even though unintended, was that all of the elephants of Hannibal had been wiped out. It would be a war between two remarkably trained armed forces, th e Carthaginians being outnumbered by the Roman army.8 Both the Roman and Carthaginian armies were organized in traditional order, the cavalry on both flanks and the infantry in the middle. However, Hannibal placed his less reliable Spanish and Gauls foot soldiers at the forefront, while keeping his powerful African infantry on both flanks. This worked as bait for the attacking Roman army, who attacked the Spaniards and Gauls, pushing them, just like what Hannibal had planned. As a result, the U-shaped Carthaginian formation became bowl-shaped,

Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of Nebivolol

Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of Nebivolol ORIGINAL RTICLE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE EFFECT OF NEBIVOLOL ON ISOLATED TRACHEAL MUSCLE OF GUINEA PIG Asma Shaukat, Naila Abrar*, Ayesha Naureen**, Muhammad Nawaz*** Background: The use of beta blockers is limited by their ability to produce bronchospasm in asthmatics. Third generation ÃŽ ²-blockers like Nebivolol may show better tolerability because they may augment the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells. However the involvement of NO in the respiratory effect of Nebivolol remains controversial. The present study, carried out on isolated tracheal muscle strips of guinea pigs, was designed to explore this controversy. Method: Varying concentration of histamine ranging from 10‑7 M to 10‑3 M were used to plot a concentration response curve on the isolated tracheal muscle strips of guinea pig and was used as a control. The same concentration response curve was plotted in presence of a fixed concentration of Nebivolol 106 M and then again in presence of a fixed concentration of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) 104 M and Nebivolol 106 M together in a series of experiments using six sets of isolated tracheal muscle strips in each case. Results: Nebivolol did not produce any significant shift in the concentration response curve while in the presence of L-NAME, Nebivolol shifted the histamine concentration response curve upwards and to the left. Conclusion: Nebivolol does not augment the histamine induced contraction of respiratory smooth muscle of guinea pig but in the presence of Nitric Oxide inhibitor L-NAME a significant augmentation of the same curve occurs, indicating a role of NO in the sparing of respiratory smooth muscle by Nebivolol. Keywords: Nebivolol, L-NAME, Concentration response curve, Tracheal muscle INTRODUCTION Pulmonary diseases with bronchial hyperactivity can be worsened or even precipitated by ÃŽ ²2 adrenoceptor blockage more commonly seen with non-selective ÃŽ ²-blockers.1 Nebivolol is a third generation à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-blocker which may have advantage over classical à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-lockers due to its sparing effect on tracheal muscle attributed to its ability to augment the release of NO from endothelial cells.2,3 The potent effects of NO on vascular smooth muscle and its presence in major conducting airways raises the possibility that it could contribute to the regulation of airway smooth muscle tone.4 However, the involvement of NO in the sparing effect of nebivolol on respiratory muscle is still controversial. Dal Negro et al, and Clini et al have reported in their in vivo study that single daily dose of nebivolol does not affect the production of exhaled NO in patients with mild to moderate asthma.5,6 Still there are some studies which report that increase in NO release by nebivolol may contribute to its respiratory effects.1,7 All the aforementioned review of literature therefore reveals the fact that there is no consensus on the role of NO in the respiratory effects of nebivolol and needs further elucidation. The present study was therefore aimed to explore the role of nitric oxide in modulating the effect of nebivolol on tracheal muscle of guinea pig. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study has been conducted on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle of 24 guinea pigs (male and female) of Dunkin Hartley variety weighing 500 to 600 grams. Ethics Committee approval of the protocol was obtained. The animals were housed at animal house of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi at room temperature, and were given tap water ad libitum and were fed with a standard diet. Krebs Henseleit solution was used as the nutrient solution the composition of which per 1000 ml is: NaCl 118.2 mM, KCl 4.7 mM, MgSO4.7H2O 1.2 mM, CaCl2 2.5 mM, KH2PO4 1.3 mM, NaHCO3 25.0 mM, Dextrose 11.7 mM. Solutions of all drugs were prepared in the distilled water except for nebivolol the solution of which was prepared in Dimethyl sulphoxide since nebivolol is highly lipophilic and insoluble in water.8 The trachea was obtained from guinea pigs and preserved in Kreb’s solution. Rings, 2–3 mm wide were formed from it and cut into strips by a longitudinal cut on the ventral side opposite to the smooth muscle. The strip was then suspended in a tissue bath of 50 ml capacity, containing Kreb’s solution at 37  ºC and was aerated with oxygen continuously. Its one end was attached to the oxygen tube while the other end was connected to an isometric force displacement transducer. The tissue was equilibrated for 45 minutes against an imposed tension of two grams. A tension of one gram was applied to the tracheal strip continuously throughout the experiments.9 The trachealis muscle activity was recorded through the transducer on 4-channel oscillograph by adding different concentrations of histamine, i.e., 10-7 to 103 M with an interval of 10 minutes between each concentration. Six experiments were performed and the mean response for each concentration was worked out. A c oncentration response curve was obtained by plotting the percent contraction against the logarithm of concentrations. In the second group tracheal muscle strips were pretreated with fixed dose of nebivolol (106 M) for 15 minutes while in third group trachea was pretreated with L-NAME (104 M) for 15 minutes and then the same procedure was followed for different concentrations of histamine.10 In the fourth group the tracheal muscle was first pretreated with fixed concentration of L-NAME for 15 minutes followed by nebivolol again for 15 minutes. Then the same procedure was followed. The results have been expressed as Mean ±SEM using Microsoft Excel. The differences between the observations were considered significant if the p-value was less than 0.05 by using Student’s t-test. RESULTS Group-1 was taken as the control group and percent response with 103 M in group-1 was taken as 100% and responses with other concentrations were compared with it (Table-1). Table-1: Comparison of Group 1 with Group 2 Table-2: Comparison of Group 1 with Group 3 Table-3: Comparison of Group 2 with Group 4 DISCUSSION From the above findings, it is inferred that nebivolol has no significant effect on histamine-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings support the results of in vivo study whereby nebivolol, both acutely or chronically administered, did not affect airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine in rabbits.7 Similar findings have been reported in other in vivo studies. In a study conducted by De Clerck et al., (1989) it was reported that nebivolol decreased heart rate without significantly increasing pulmonary reactivity to histamine. 11 In this study some aspects concerned with the mechanisms that may be responsible for the lack of bronchoconstrictor effect of nebivolol on tracheal smooth muscle were explored. There may be many possible mechanisms which can explain the sparing effect of nebivolol. It is the most selective à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢1-adrenoceptor antagonist currently available for clinical use; its à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢1 selectivity is 3.5 times more than bisoprolol which was previously considered as the most cardioselective à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ blocker. Beta 1 receptor selectivity is an important determinant of less incidence of bronchoconstriction and other adverse effects seen with cardioselective à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ blockers.3 However several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that cardioselective blockers such as atenolol and metoprolol do increase airway hyperresponsiveness, though to a lesser extent. De Clerck et al, (1989) compared the bronchoconstrictor effects of atenolol, nebivolol and propranolol in guinea pigs and they reported that bronchoconstriction was greatest with propranolol followed by atenolol while nebivolol had sparing effect.11 So the different effect of nebivolol can not be fully explained by its à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢1 selectivity.7 Another possible mechanism is that the effect of nebivolol may be because of partial agonist activity at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢2 receptors but several studies have shown that nebivolol lacks partial agonist activity at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢2 receptors.12 Therefore, this mechanism does not seem to be plausible. Nebivolol has been reported to modulate the endogenous production of NO.1 Nitric oxide is an important endogenous bronchodilator and is generated by a family of NO synthase isoforms in the airways.13 Considering the potential role of endogenous NO in the control of airways, its role was evaluated in the effects of nebivolol. For that purpose, L-NAME which is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase was used. In one group effect of histamine was studied on tracheal muscle strips pretreated with fixed concentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and its curve was compared with curve of control group. The difference was statistically insignificant indicating the absence of any effect of L-NAME on histamine induced contraction of tracheal muscle. In another group, the isolated tracheal muscle of guinea pig was pretreated with fixed concentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and nebivolol (10-6M) respectively and then the effects of histamine were studied on this tissue model. At all the concentrations of histamine contraction of tracheal muscle was augmented and the p-value was 14,15 Nitric oxide that is released may interfere with the cholinergic neurotransmission either by functional antagonism on airway smooth muscle or via pre-junctional inhibition of release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. These findings suggest that NO indeed has some role in the sparing effect of nebivolol on the airways. This may be due to the reason that nebivolol induced-bronchoconstriction is counter balanced by the release of NO by nebivolol which causes bronchodilation resulting in the overall sparing effect of nebivolol on the airway smooth muscle. The NO-mediated inhibition of the acetylcholine-dependent bronchoconstriction may thus contribute to explain the differences between nebivolol and other à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-blockers on the airway responsiveness. CONCLUSION NO may be responsible for sparing effect of nebivolol on airway smooth muscle. This may be due to the reason that nebivolol like classical beta blockers induces bronchospasm which is counter balanced by the relaxant effect of nitric oxide released by nebivolol thus lacking the net effect on airway smooth muscle. REFERENCES Dal Negro R. Pulmonary effects of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovas Dis 2009;3:329–34. Scheen AJ. Pharma-clinics medication of the month, nebivolol Rev Med Liege 2001;56:788–91. Bundkirchen A, Brixius K, Bà ¶lck B, Nguyen Q, Schwinger RH. Beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity of nebivolol and bisoprolol. A comparison of [3H]CGP 12.177 and [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;460:19–26. Matera MG. Nitric oxide and airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1998;11:341–8. 5. Dal Negro RW, Tognella S, Pomari C. Once daily nebivolol does not reduce airway patency in patients with COPD and arterial hypertension. Clin Drug Invest 2002;22:361–67. 6. Clini E, Bianchi L, Pagani M, Ambrosino N.. Endogenous nitric oxide in patients with stable COAD: Correlates with severity of disease. Thorax 1998;53:881–3. Agostino BD, Gallelli L, Falciani M, Fici F, Mangrella M. Nebivolol and airway responsiveness in the rabbit. Life Sci 2001;68:2159–68. Quang TT, Rozec B, Audigane L, Gauthier C. Investigation of the different adrenoceptor targets of nebivolol enantiomers in rat thoracic aorta. Br J Pharmacol 2009;156:601–8. Gillani AH, Khan, AU, Rauf M, Ghayur MN, Siddiqui BS, WohraW, Begum S. Gastrointestinal, Selective airway and urinary bladder relaxant effect of Hyoscyamus niger are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Calcium channels. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008;22:87–9. Maffei A, Pardo AD, Carangi R, Carullo P, Poulet R, Gentile MT, Vecchione C, Lembo G. Nebivolol induces nitric oxide release in the heart through inducible nitric oxide synthase activation. Hypertension 2007;50:652–6. 11. De Clerck F, Van Gorp L, Loots W, Janssen PA. Differential effects of nebivolol, atenolol and propranolol on heart rate and on bronchoconstrictor responses to histamine in the guinea-pig. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1989;298:230–6. Hoffman BB. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (Eds). Goodman and Gillman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th edition, New York: Mc GrawHill; 2006. p. 215–68. Maarsingh H, Leusink J, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Role of the L-citrulline/L-arginine cycle in iNANC nerve-mediated nitric oxide production and airway smooth muscle relaxation in allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;546(1-3):171–6. Ignarro LJ. Experimental evidences of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatory activity of nebivolol, a third generation beta-blocker. Blood Press Suppl 2004;1:2–16. Ricciardolo FL. Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways. Thorax 2003;58:175–82 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Asma Shaukat, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Res: 438, Link Road, Aram Bagh, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Tel: +92-992-331588 Email: [emailprotected]