The Effect of Starch on the Activity of Amylase with Ph Variable

The Effect of Starch on the Activity of Amylase with pH Variable Lab Report, Fall 2011 East Tennessee State University Department of Biological Sciences By: Shelby Brackett Date Performed: October 10, 2011 Lab Instructor: Joseph Kusi Biology 1111, Section 018 Abstract Enzymes are very important in chemical reactions. They are used to speed up the reaction taking place. They act by binding to a specific substrate and form an enzyme-substrate complex that may put stress on chemical bonds of that substrate. In this experiment, we used the amylase as our enzyme and starch as our specific substrate.We then used a calorimeter to measure the absorbance of our samples with the variable of pH over set periods of time. Our results indicated that at three different pH levels, the absorbance level of our samples was not the same for each one. This proved my original hypothesis to be incorrect, as I was surprised to find that the last pH buffer had no effect on the absorbance. The first two pH bu ffers supported my hypothesis, however. The levels of our samples kept decreasing over time. As with every experiment, it should be repeated several times to make sure your results are accurate.Introduction Most chemical reactions must be catalyzed (sped up) by protein molecules called enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. Enzymes are three-dimensional globular proteins that fit snugly around the molecules they act on. This fit facilitates chemical reactions by stressing particular chemical bonds. The three-dimensional shape enables it to stabilize a temporary association between substrates-the molecules that will undergo the reaction. The enzyme also lowers the activation energy required for new bonds to form.The reaction thus proceeds much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. (Mason, 2011). The energy of activation is the energy needed to get the substrate to its transition state. KI (potassium iodide) is used to detect th e presence of starch when conducting these experiments. Another thing to consider when talking about enzymes is optimal conditions. These are a set of environmental conditions at which the enzyme works at its highest rate. Some of these environmental variables are pH, temperature, and salinity.Changes in pH may not only affect the shape of an enzyme but it may also change the shape or charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate cannot bind to the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis. (The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity, 2004). Increasing the temperature of an uncatalyzed reaction increases its rate because the additional heat increases random molecular movement. This motion can add stress to molecular bonds and affect the activation energy of a reaction. (Mason, 2011). When a substrate molecule is trying to bind to the active site, presence of salt could alter the rate of the reaction.In our experiment, we used the protein amylase. Amylase  is an enzyme that breaks down starch, converting it into sugar. Amylase  is found in human saliva, where it begins a chemical process in digestion with the hydrolysis of starch. It is also found in the pancreas. (Brady, 2003). We used the substrate starch with the variable, pH, to measure the absorbance of our samples using a calorimeter. My hypothesis was that at each different pH buffer, there would be more and more absorbance over time. Materials/Methods To execute this experiment, we did the following steps. First, you pipet 8ml of 0. % starch solution and 6ml of water into 3 test tubes and label them L, M, and H. Next, you add 1ml of pH4 buffer to L test tube; 1ml of pH7 buffer to test tube M; and 1ml of pH10 buffer to test tube H. Then pipet 2ml of water and add 3 drops of KI into 16 different test tubes (5 each behind the test tubes L, M, and H) and label them L? , M? , H? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦L? , M? , and H? and keep the remaining one for zeroing the calorimeter(reagent blank). Next remove 1ml of solution from L, M, and H to the test tubes L? , M? , and H? respectively. Measure their absorbance and record the values.Make sure to zero the calorimeter before every measurement. Next, pipet 1ml of amylase solution to L, M, and H (mix) and wait for 1 minute interval. Then, remove 1ml of L, M, and H into L? , M? , and H? respectively (mix) and measure the absorbance of the samples and record the values. Repeat this last step for the rest of the samples for the same time interval. Results The table and graph below represent the absorbance levels that we obtained from our experiment. Table 1 Time of measurement| Reaction 1 L (pH4)| Reaction 2M (pH7)| Reaction 3H (pH10)| Time: 0| 2. 0| 0. 85| 2. 00| 1| 1. 71| 0. 53| 2. 00| 2| 1. 46| 0. 06| 2. 00| 3| 1. 42| 0. 05| 2. 00| 4| 0. 97| 0. 00| 2. 00| Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3 Discussion In conclusion, the results from this experiment failed to support my hypothesis. My original hypothesis stated that at each different pH b uffer, there would be more and more absorbance over time. Our results show that at pH4 buffer the absorbance increased by causing our readings to go down at a steady pace. From starting at Time 0, the end reading was at 0. 97. This particular reaction supported my hypothesis.The next reaction with pH7 buffer also supported my hypothesis. There was also more absorbance over time intervals. Our numbers decreased but this time, at a faster pace. There was a jump from 0. 53 to 0. 06. This would cause me to believe that at pH7, this would be the optimal condition for enzyme activity for amylase. In the last reaction, I was surprised to find that there was no change at all. The pH10 buffer had no effect with the absorbance of our amylase-starch sample. This particular reaction failed to support my original hypothesis.So, in conclusion, using the enzyme amylase and the substrate, starch, we found that the effect of pH on this solution caused a steady absorbance for pH4, a fast absorbance a t pH7-which caused me to believe this is optimal pH, and no absorbance at pH10. Bibliography Brady, Matt. What is Amylase? 2003. 22 October 2011 . Mason, Kenneth A. , Jonathan B. Losos and Susan R. Singer. Biology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. 2004. 22 October 2011 .

A play which explores the effect of relationships Essay

Task: Choose a play which explores relationships in a family/community. What strengths and/or weaknesses are apparent in these relationships and what is the overall effect on the family/community. A play which explores the effect of relationships in a family and community is â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† by William Shakespeare. The relationship between Romeo and Juliet, themselves, is key to the play and this relationship also embodies the family feud discussed in the play. Shakespeare conveys the lovers’ relationship as one built upon utter trust and devotion. Yet it is ill-fated due to the ancient feud between their families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The family grudge holds great importance and affects the lives of every citizen in the town of Verona. In the beginning of the play we are introduced to both the lovers. Romeo is portrayed as a depressed and melancholic person as the girl he loves does not love him back and Juliet as a girl who is unwilling to be married to a suitor of her parent’s choice. Romeo is in love with a Capulet girl called Rosaline and in order to see her he goes, uninvited, to a Capulet ball. He catches sight of Juliet at the ball and immediately falls in love with her. Much to his disappointment he finds out she is a Capulet: â€Å"Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foe’s debt. † Although Romeo has fallen in love with Juliet he knows it is not that simple in Verona. He realises that because they are from rival families their relationship would never be permitted. From the very beginning their relationships is said to be â€Å"star-cross’d† as their families have been mortal enemies. There is a major difference shown between Romeo’s love for Rosaline and his love for Juliet. When he is â€Å"in love† with Rosaline, Romeo is depressed. But, when he sees Juliet, it is a whole different story. He suddenly experiences true love as he had never felt with Rosaline. From the moment Romeo first sees Juliet their bond is very intense. When describing the love between Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare often uses poetic and romantic language: â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright! † Romeo compares Juliet to a candle’s light and says that she is incredibly beautiful. Shakespeare’s use of this â€Å"love at first sight† scenario emphasises that the young lovers have and instant and deep connection. This emphasises the strength of their devotion to each other. In the balcony scene, although Romeo and Juliet have only known each other for a short while, their love is very intense. Shakespeare uses various images to convey this: â€Å"Two of the fairest stars†¦ do entreat her eyes† Juliet’s eyes are being compared to twinkling stars which shows how much Romeo loves her. Romeo believes Juliet to be the most beautiful woman he has ever seen and this image conveys this. This symbolises their strong love for each other. Later on we see that Romeo is overcome by his love for Juliet and he even risks his life to see her. When a fight starts to form in the street Romeo makes it clear that he is not interested in fighting: â€Å"Tybalt, the reason I have to love thee Doth much excuse the appertaining rage† Even though the idea of being loyal to your own family is prominent throughout the play, Romeo is willing to forget the family feud and â€Å"love† his enemies for Juliet’s sake. This is important as is shows their commitment to each other. They are both willing to forget a centuries old family feud that shapes their whole life in order to be committed to each other and this is clearly a strength. Even when Juliet finds out that Romeo has killed her cousin, although she is upset and distraught, she is willing to forgive him as her devotion to him is so strong. Another aspect which shapes Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is the feud. The feud is the main weakness throughout the play and it has great impact on the community in Verona. When a fight breaks out in the street it is clear where the citizens loyalties are: â€Å"The quarrel is between our masters and us their men† In Verona, everyone is forced to take sides even the employees. It is clear from this why Romeo and Juliet’s relationship would be a problem as the feud has such a strong grip on society that there is no way of them being together other than in secret. Another scene in which the power of the feud comes through is when everyone is discussing what must be the consequence of Romeo’s actions: â€Å"Romeo slew Tybalt. Romeo must not live† Lady Capulet’s harsh words are conveying how the feud makes everyone stand their ground and the idea of forgive and forget is not even considered. The feud is the reason for Romeo and Juliet’s poor relationship as their families are so hostile towards each other. The feud causes the division in their community and the separation of the two families. In the end, it is only after the death of both Romeo and Juliet, a huge sacrifice, that their families reconcile and agree to live in peace. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is one that is powerful yet it is always plagued by the feud of their families. Shakespeare’s use of imagery and symbolism to convey their relationship is highly powerful and only intensifies the bond between them.

Puritan Influence on American Culture Essay

Write an essay in which you evaluate the influence of Puritan values on the development of American culture. Use specific examples of Puritan ideas, traditions, and institutions, and discuss how these were affected by the end of the first century of American colonial development. (Be sure to rely heavily on Morgan’s The Puritan Family, as well as lecture, text and primary sources, for material and examples. ) Cultures often rely on past beliefs to shape their values or way of life. Puritans had a great impact on American society today. Their primary focus was on that of religion and how it guided their lives in aspects such as relationships, social order, and education. They did not accept many who fell outside of these standards and I think that today, many are marginalized if they do not conform to the common beliefs. Many people today use the Ten Commandments as an outline of how to live and what to believe which shows that religion is still an important aspect of lives in America. Although their ideas have been manipulated over the years, they provided a strong basis for American Culture. The husband and wife relationship is an area that has evolved its basic ideas from the Puritan lifestyle. A pastor or magistrate was not allowed to perform a marriage unless it was already â€Å"published† by the law which is similar to a marriage certificate today. It is a legal union as well as a religious one. After the ceremony was a feast to celebrate which is still common nowadays. A difference is in that they forbid dancing and other extensive â€Å"fun† activities. This is where some of our laws originated from, such as anti-smoking or censorship laws. Domestic abuse was forbidden in Puritan marriages and this was also taken as far as punishment for speaking ill words of one another. Their idea of marriage was that a relationship was based on companionship and this remains a main reason couples get married. They also believed in a subordination of the women which has been challenges but there are some areas where it is still seen in society. The Puritan’s education was closely related to religion which is not the case in American culture however there are similarities in the importance of education. They believed that the education of children would lead to salvation therefore it was of high importance for young children to be educated. Both Puritans and today’s society believe that the importance of education is so that advancement is possible to bring wealth. Their entire system of order and belief relied on this, â€Å"Every Grace enters into the soul through Understanding† (Morgan, 1944). Therefore education and religion went hand in hand. This is not as common today with the separation of church and state. There are some separate school systems that are closely associated with religion however it is not the norm.

Air pollutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air pollutions - Essay Example Firstly, one cannot begin to consider the question of whether establishing a train system would benefit the greater good without coming to a broad understanding of the fact that trains are inherently more efficient means of transportation than cars. For instance, a train is capable of moving multiple tons of cargo or passengers for the equivalent of 1 gallon of fuel; conversely a car, even at the most efficient level, requires at least one gallon to move 1 person more than 25-40 miles. Given this efficiency based argument, it comes to the central question of why trains are not utilized as a means of both saving money and the environment. The first reason for this is of course the issue of cost. It has been estimated that building a train system across the United States that would mirror train systems in Japan, Europe, or other developed regions around the world would cost trillions of dollars (High Speed Rail Overview 99). Such a program could of course be started under the logic tha t like Eisenhower’s Interstate program, the economic benefits would ultimately be repaid to the government over time due to economic gains of more rapid and cheaper transportation; however, the fact remains that the initial price tag associated with such an endeavor is so staggering that few if any politicians are willing to take up such a cause during one of the most trying and difficult economic times within the nation’s history (Boyd 38). Moreover, another factor that ties directly into the issue of cost is the level of debt that such a project would necessarily entail. As such, due to the hesitancy of the political leaders and many of the citizens to add on to an already monumental national deficit, no such project has been suggested. A secondary issue that is keeping the train from being further developed within the United States has to do with the unique culture that has seen the car become a type of iconic American symbol of freedom. Seeking to categorize this l evel of iconoclasm would be futile in such a brief work; however, suffice it to say that the car itself has become intrinsically tied to the American understanding and expression of individualism and freedom. In such a way, being a passenger on a train diminishes this feeling of individualism as everyone on the train arrives at the given destination at the same time and via the same means (Frohardt 339). Although this can of course be seen as a bit of an over simplification, it is doubtful that such a cultural understanding of freedom and transportation is likely to change within our lifetime. Although the implementation a rail system within the United States and throughout much of the rest of the world would doubtless save tens of billions of gallons/liters of fossil fuels from being burned and sent into the atmosphere in the form of carbon, the fact of the matter is that many nations are unlikely to develop these resources due to a fundamental lack of available cash with which to do so. More importantly, as one looks at the examples of modern train systems that function efficiently and hold these up as an example, one fundamental fact is noticed concerning them; the fact that each and every one of these nations or regions has shared a

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Essay

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Film (Carlos Saura) - Essay Example In reference to Leonardo as the dark river shows honor and life-death as the connection is fairly clear when the Bride refers to the fatal force of the dark river in contrast to the â€Å"little bit of water. The â€Å"little bit of water symbolizes the Bridegroom from which she hoped for children. Symbolism that in the film, the orange blossoms that the bride wore were fake and waxy which symbolized the fake society in which she lived. In the movie the bride wears the fake orange blossoms to her wedding as it symbolizes her conformity to the society in almost a mocking way.   This goes together with the black dress she wears for the wedding, as if symbolizing her despair and sadness at having to go through with the wedding  when she really loves Leonardo. The lyrics impulse of the play culminates in the film, where the themes of honor and passion are absorbed in the theme of death that which paradoxically is life. The play of double perspective of death that are suggested in the dual manifestation as death is said to be an Old Woman demanding for a crust of bread. In another image Death is said to be white faced and the moon longing for life and seeking in the death of the men is symbolized by a heart, the crest of the fire, and red blood for his cheeks. The ceremony of p reparing the Bride in the church and the festivities preceding the entry of the Bride and Groom in to the bridal chamber. Both lyrics employ the familiar symbol of a flower, branch, and stream and both make visible another thread of symbol that is to become prominent as the themes of pride and passion move toward their ultimate resolution in the theme of death. The symbol of fire is enhanced as it is associated with honor as well passion and death. The horse in the Lullaby is to be identified with Leonardo’s horse and his wounds with the fate of Leonardo is indicated by the action accompanying the song.

Business Conditions Analysis (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Conditions Analysis (2) - Essay Example Along with this, the committee also take into consideration some of the minor economic indicators which do not reflect the overall economy like real sales. All these indicators are used in order to predict and analyze the economic activities which in turn facilitates in the process of identifying the peaks and troughs in the business cycle (NBER). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) has specific definitions for the recession and expansion, according to which the Business Cycle Dating Committee of NBER take decisions about the important turning points of the overall economy of United States. Because of these limited definitions, the committee is unable to distinguish between the actual shift in the business cycle from the interruptions of short level (NBER). The combine use of indicators reflecting overall economy and indicators which do not reflect overall economy can raise the concern about the double counting different industries and figures. However, on the other hand this method of using and considering both set of indicators facilitates the committee in the process of identifying accurate dates of the peaks and trough as some times the broad economic indicators can present conflicting results (NBER). The most common definition of recession which has been used by different financial and economic analysts is that recession is defined as the period of two successive and repeated quarters in which the overall GDP of the economy falls. This definition is commonly known as the two quarter definition of the recession. But, National Bureau of Economic Research does not use this two quarter definition. The Business Cycle Dating Committee gives high consideration to important monthly indicators and along with this combine different set of economic indicators in order to identify important events in more efficient and

What is the impact of depression, anger and fear, on pre-school Research Paper

What is the impact of depression, anger and fear, on pre-school children of divorce in the U.S - Research Paper Example The research is purely descriptive wherein most of the data are derived from previous empirical researches. Additionally, this research looks into the impact of divorce on educational performance of preschoolers. The results of this study show that divorce greatly affects the emotional well-being of children, particularly in the way they perceive their parents and the world, in general. Thus, this research found out that there is a considerable gap between the performance of preschoolers with two parents attending to them and those whose parents are divorced. Today, the increasing trend of divorce rate poses a threat to the happy-ever-after concept of marriage wherein newly-wed couples set out in making little Susan and adorable Jake. However, as more people support the idea that mistakes may also be made even in their decisions to marry, divorce papers pile up in courts, and more children grow up as half orphans, seeing only the parent who has won their custody. In this historical perspective, Emery (1999) mentions that the divorce trend in the U.S. is attributable to different social factors, which include the age of marriage, educational attainment of either, or both parents, heightened assertion of women’s rights, and income (p. 14). Relatively, the American society, in the year 2000, saw the dissolution of millions of marital bonds of unhappy, married couples, which lead to more children experiencing the devastating, emotional effects of coping with their parents’ divorce (Amato, 2001, p. 355). Lots of studies were made with regard to the effect of divorce towards children, and some of them have shown, whether explicitly or implicitly, that children of divorce exhibit a tendency, whether separate or individual cases, of depression, anger and fear (Ablow, Measelle, P. A. Cowan, & C. P. Cowan, 2009; Amato & Keith, 1991; Amato, 2001; K. D. Pruett

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Research - Essay Example This trend of use of celebrities in adverts is not likely to change in the near future. The media have contributed to this obsession through overloading the society with information and demonstrations of celebrities and giving them entertainment. The use of celebrities in adverts accrues benefits not only to the organization but also to the celebrity. Through the use of a celebrity, the consumer feels a positive feeling of association and security. The consumers deem their celebrities as idols, and once they recommend the use of a product, they deem such products as of high quality. Consumers like to be associated with celebrities, and they end up buying such products because they would like to be like the celebrity. In essence, the use of a celebrity makes a product stand out and be recalled by the consumers. The use of a celebrity makes the products or services stand out. Celebrity endorsement has been regarded as a way of getting the brand noticed amidst the high competition in th e market environment. There are huge impacts of the use of celebrities in adverts among consumers through audio visual commercials. ... Relevance of the Research Numerous studies have been carried out to identify the impact of celebrity endorsements on sales and marketing. Nevertheless, there is disagreement and debate on the precise role of celebrity endorsement on customer discernment towards the brand. Customer attitudes form the basis for increased sales and marketing of a product. Some studies note that there is a weak correlation between the two while others state that there is a strong correlation between the two. This research proposal will provide a basis on the acquisition of insights in the field of consumer discernments towards a brand or product and the impact of celebrity endorsements on them to influence sales and marketing. This proposal will structure a systematic review with respect to these associations to offer marketing economists a useful guide on celebrity endorsement. Because this proposal will assist clarify the role of celebrity endorsement in adverts, it will also serve societal and practic al relevance. For organizations, it is particularly significant to identify the positive and negative effects of celebrity endorsement on the discernment of the customer towards the product and brand so purchase decision making and purchasing behavior can be increased. This paper will give insights on the significance of celebrity endorsement through giving reference to an example of celebrity endorsements such as David Beckham by Adidas. An enhanced comprehension of celebrity endorsement unquestionably prompts managers to take on an effective policy by which sufficient customer discernment will be engendered. This will lead to increased customer purchase intents, which will positively affect the

Legislative and Executive Powers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legislative and Executive Powers - Coursework Example ess the emotionally-fueled anger of the people because of the impending threats by extremists groups allowed Congress to pass a bill that was not well-planned in a relatively short time. The Patriot Act was passed only 45 days after the 9/11 attacks to provide a solution to the breach in national security. Many regard this law as a legal means for the government to spy on virtually any person. The wide reach of the law allows surveillance of private individuals that extends to their phone conversations, internet communications and even bank transactions. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is granted the power to National Security Letters known as NSLs without judicial intervention which allows them access to the mentioned personal information. Those issued with NSLs have ‘gag orders’ prohibiting them to disclose (American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU], 2011). Several courts have declared this provision to be unlawful. A San Francisco federal district court judge st ruck down as unconstitutional the provisions of the law in this regard last year on an action brought by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (Sledge, 2013). Sledge, C. (2013, Mar. 15). National security letter gag orders struck down as unconstitutional (Update). The Huffington Post. Retrieved from

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Statement of purpose - Essay Example This will add onto my competence as a member of the society because the family is the basic unit of the society. Clinically, my pursuit of this program is meant to advance my knowledge of health assessment. Prior studies and internships have underscored to me the need to have the highest level of competence in examining a patient’s medical issue in order to pick on the most suitable intervention that addresses that issue. Additionally, I seek to advance my knowledge of research methods in nursing because I reckon that as a registered nurse, I have a responsibility to generate knowledge, share it with other nurses and contribute to the overall growth and development of the profession of nursing (Codina 266). I seek to pursue this program with an interest of augmenting the skills of identifying and utilizing best practices in my work as a committed registered nurse. The other interest I have in pursuing in this program is to acquire knowledge of managing acute and chronic illnesses. I developed this interest after witnessing how disruptive the effects of such illnesses are to the family. A sizeable portion of scarce family resources goes to the care of chronically ill family members. Besides this economic impact, caregivers of the chronically who lack strong defences can develop depression. My endeavour is to use the knowledge I will get from this course to devise affordable and accessible interventions that can help address the economic, social and psychological toll that acute and chronic illnesses have on both patients and their families (Codina 262). It would be fulfilling to me to see families living happily without being put down by the sickness of one of the members. My value and high esteem for the family unit is one of the things that justify my fitness for the Family Nurse Practitioner program. The clinical hours I have handled in the previous educational levels and in my internships have

Victims’ Rights and Vengeance Essay Example for Free

Victims’ Rights and Vengeance Essay I believe that current state of victims’ right in America is better than it has been in the past thirty years. Thirty years ago, victims had few legal rights to be informed, present and heard within the criminal justice system. Victims did not have to be notified of court proceedings or of the arrest or release of the defendant, they had no right to attend the trial or other proceedings, and they had no right to make a statement to the court at sentencing or at other hearings. Moreover, victim assistance programs were virtually non-existent. Today, every state has an extensive body of basic rights and protections for victims of crime within its statutory code. Victims rights statutes have significantly influenced the manner in which victims are treated within the federal, state, and local criminal justice systems. 2004 Crime Victims’ Rights Act I believe that the 2004 Crimes Victims’ Rights Act has been effective to some extent. The CRVA helps victims assert and encourage enforcement of victims’ rights. It promotes compliance with victims’ rights laws. Funds grant programs and other activities to implement provisions. Provides an enforcement mechanism for rights delineated in the Act. The CRVA may legitimately consider to go too far and give victims undue rights at the expense of a fair trial. For instance, it allows them to â€Å"be heard at any proceedings related to the offence, regardless as to whether or not their input is relevant or appropriate. It is based on a very naive view of crime and criminal procedure; it assumes that all victims are innocent people attacked by dangerous criminals. However, a lot of crime victims dont fit  that category- many crimes have no clear victim, some victims are large corporations, and in a very large percentage of cases, the victims are criminals themselves. This amendment isnt necessarily appropriate for all cases and shouldnt be so. Vengeance Personally I do believe that vengeance does fix anything. Punishment should be a form of vengeance but a form of deterrence, detainment, and rehabilitation of the offender so that he or she will not cause any more harm to others. Vengeance does not bring the people that have been lost back. Fixing the issues can prevent more casualties from happening. The American tough on crime stance taken by elected officials from across the political spectrum has not halted the resurgence of crime in the last few years, nor has it helped prevent ex-inmates from once again ending up behind bars. The criminal justice system needs to spend more money in the parole, probation, and rehabilitation structure because clearly â€Å"punishment† alone isn’t working. Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP) I agree with the actions of Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests because it is an organization that specializes in helping women and men wounded by religious authority figures such as priests, ministers, bishops, deacons, nuns and others. Before SNAP many sexual abused cases were not reported or taken to court. The SNAP organization helps the victims of a sexual abuse crime by a religious authority get the information, support, and psychological help that they need. Its claims have been validated, and a few though hardly all of its recommendations have been implemented by the church hierarchy. SNAP’s advocacy on the Catholic scandal also helped push the reality of sexual abuse into the public consciousness to the point that victims can regularly win in courts and get a hearing in the media, and they are much more likely to come forward to tell their stories, whether they were abused by clergy or by athletic coaches or Boy Scout leaders. References: Crime Victims Rights Act http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/vr/crime_victims.html Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests http://www.snapnetwork.org/resources Crime Victims’ Rights http://www.ovc.gov/rights/legislation.html Crime, Punishment and Vengeance in the Age of Mass Imprisonment http://www.alternet.org/story/50464/crime,_punishment_and_vengeance_in_the_age_of_mass_imprisonment

The Madding Crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding Crowd Essay When Fanny is trying to get Troys attention she throws a snowball at his window but her throw misses the window and Hardy describes this as the throw was the idea of a man conjoined with the execution of a woman with such imbecility. This shows Hardys views on women and how they are looked down on by the male figures. When Troy and Fanny are talking, Troy seems to not willing to talk to fanny and is trying to get away, this may be because he is ashamed to be with her and he thinks the other soldiers and they may think that she is just a prostitute. Troy tries to put Fanny of marrying him when they are talking because when she asks when they will be getting married he says Oh, I see. Well you have to get proper clothes. Throughout this chapter you can tell that in the nineteenth century men are classed before women. Another part of Far for the Madding Crowd that I find of interest is in Chapter 16, this is where Fanny turns up at the wrong church to marry Troy. Troy feels very humiliated by this in front of many people including the priest, congregation and friends of theirs. Troy directs his angry towards Fanny, this shows that women have no control over the men because in nineteenth century men were the more superior people in a relationship. If poor Fanny did not confuse the two churches, All Souls and All Saints, then she would have become Troys wife. If she did become Troys wife this would have firstly, stopped her from being shunned from society for being pregnant outside of marriage and secondly would have stopped Troy marrying Bathsheba. I think that Troy over reacted to Fannys mistake and he should of forgiven her; if he did forgive her could have married her the next day which is what she asked for. Also if he had forgiven Fanny then he would not have had to live to regret how he treated poor Fanny. In Chapter 39, where Bathsheba and Troy are returning home from Casterbridge, they pass a small lonely figure on Turnpike Road. This person was Fanny Robin. Fanny had not been mention in the book for many chapters and no one had seen her for a period of time. When they saw poor Fanny they stopped and familiarized with each other. This caused problems between Bathsheba and Troy. Bathsheba then rides alone in the carriage while Troy walks. This could symbolize their futures. Troy has no consideration for womens feelings; you can tell this by when he is wasting away Bathshebas and his money on gambling. After this he shows that he has realized that he has faulted and he offers to help Fanny when she tells him that she has no money. Troy then gives some money to Fanny and then soon after promises her that he will help her in the future. This is normal in the nineteenth century for women to be relying on the man for their money and upbringing. Fannys journey to Casterbridge in Chapter 40 brings the reader to feel sorry for her and have sympathy for her. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to show her suffering and the poor conditions she is in. Now there was not a rustle, not a breeze, not the faintest clash of twigs to keep her company. This shows that she is exhausted and lonely. When Fanny is alone during the late stages of her pregnancy, outside of marriage, she does not receive any help from humans, but receives it from a dog; the same dog that was chased away by the humans. This dog could represent Fanny because she may have felt like she had been chased away from society for being pregnant outside of marriage. Fanny does not want the help from anyone else but Troy. She took Troys word, which was that he would meet her in Casterbridge and he would help her. Another reason Fanny did not want the help from any other person than Troy was because she did not want anyone finding out about her being pregnant because she is not married to Troy; because of this Fanny decides to keep her identity hidden. Even though she has kept her identity hidden she has still been taken in by the ivy covered almshouse; they ask no questions and were willing to keep her secrets. The next chapter which takes my interest is Chapter 41. This chapter is about when Bathsheba is with Troy at Loggerheads. Troy asks Bathsheba for money to gamble with, she asks him not too but he still does. This shows that Troy will do as he pleases; this would have been normal for nineteenth century men to rule over their wives. Fanny threatens Troy and Bathshebas marriage by Bathsheba discovering the lock of Fannys hair that Troy owns. Towards the end of this chapter, Joseph Poorgrass, a carter who works on Bathshebas farm speaks to Bathsheba. I think that he knew about Fannys pregnancy and how she died. Bathsheba then started asking him questions on how she did die. In the nineteenth century it was very common for a mother to die during childbirth because they did not have the technology and hygiene we have today. Bathsheba knew that many women died giving birth and so she was anxious to know is this is how poor Fanny died. Joseph Poorgrass is unaware that people do not know about Fannys pregnancy and so on the coffin Poorgrass writes Child and F. Robin but soon after Oak runs out because he cares about Bathsheba and does not want her finding out that Fanny had left because she was pregnant and also Oak does not want her to feel upset about this. In the nineteenth century if a woman decided she did not want to marry a man then she was be socially disapproved and some may even pity her. If the woman decided not to marry then she would not be able to have children because it was wrong to do so. The husband had the access to the womans body when he wanted it, she could not say no. this was agreed in the wedding ceremony in the vows and by law. If the woman did decide to stay single and not marry then it would be hard to get a job because usually only men would work while the women would stay at home and the man would be the one that pays for anything that is a necessity. Many people of the nineteenth century think that it is a sin to God to disobey the laws, and in this case the law was sex outside of marriage. In Chapter 43 you saw many different views on Fanny all because she was single and pregnant. Chapter 43 also reveals that Troy did have true feelings for Fanny once he finds out that she has died; when he sees her dead body he realizes that he did love her. Bathsheba is with him when he reveals his love for Fanny and she is very hurt by this. Troy tells Bathsheba that she means nothing to him because of his love for Fanny. Although Troy is very hurt because of his loss of Fanny he does not realize that he is upsetting Bathsheba and he accuses her of dumping him. He wanted to believe because if it wasnt for Bathshebas flirting Troy would have married poor Fanny and she would not have been an outcast of society because she would have then been pregnant in a marriage. Another main character in Far from the Madding Crowd would be Bathsheba Everdene. Bathsheba takes my interest in womens experiences in the nineteenth century; this is because she is so different to all other women that lived in that period of time. Bathsheba owns and runs a farm; this was usually the mans job because women were not meant to be as independent as some may say Bathsheba was. You can tell that Bathsheba comes across as a very independent woman from an early stage in the book. In Chapter 3, Gabriel Oak was watching how Bathsheba rode her horse and Hardy wrote hardly expected of a woman she rode in the manner demanded by the saddle this means that she was not ridding the horse in a lady-like fashion, which was side saddling, but she rode the horse with one leg either side of the horse. Oak was very impressed by the way she rode the horse. While riding the horse it says that she drops backwards flat upon the ponys back, her head over its tail, her feet against its shoulders and her eyes to the sky Towards the end of the chapter Bathsheba yet again amazes Gabriel Oak by rescuing him from his smoke filled hut. He wakes up on her lap; usually it would be the other way round and the man would have saved the woman. The young girl with remarkably pleasant lips and white teeth was beside him. More than this astonishingly more his head was upon her lap, his face and neck were disagreeably wet, and her fingers were unbuttoning his collar. This sort of quote was unusual for the nineteenth century because in novels they would never discuss anything sexual as they thought it was a very wrong. After Bathsheba saves Oak she says that it was foolish of him to leave his hut while there was a fire in it. No woman would usually say this to a man in the nineteenth century because the man was always in charge and so he would not have liked to be told what was right and what was wrong.

Comparing Photoshop, Illustrator and Gamemaker

Comparing Photoshop, Illustrator and Gamemaker Software Tools Techniques Cost Strengths Weaknesses Photoshop Allows for full editing of the photograph with basic tools such as brushes pencils and advanced tools such as warp and auto fill. There are many other features such as the effects that allow users to make their pictures much more professional looking and a lot more unique. Can use various techniques to edit pictures in a convincing and almost flawless way. The more better the user gets the more convincing users can make it. There are many advanced techniques such as ones that require tools to blur and change the picture to something new. The cost of the program is  £36.59 per month with the inclusion of VAT. Program can be included in the creative cloud that allows the user to use all of their software at once. The abilty to use the software to create computer artwork in a way that rivals other softwares with new techniques never seen before. Photoshop has a large reputation for being the go to source for editing pictures to be crazy but very realistic at the same time. Photoshop is also lacking in built in tutorials making the users have to sort through youtube videos or user created videos to allow them to gain experience. Its not very user friendly when it comes to being able to use the software right away, forcing users have to work out features. Illustrator Comes with a lot of different shapes that users can mold to create larger logos that can be used in various things. Users can also make and design shapes without much hassle allowing them to freeform and make artwork in a easy way. Uses shapes more over then actual editing techniques allowing users to create a full picture thats based on a real life with shapes. Gives more access to shapes and allows users to make fancy cartoon images using the tools provided. The cost is  £23.99 per month, which is delivered using a licence key that they use. The program is available using the creative cloud, which allows you to buy the software using a well-known and trusted source. When buying it your also able to buy other software using the creative cloud. Uses a vector format which keeps its quality so it wont decrease when resized. Because it uses vector the shapes are saved in a formular that stores different shapes. Very easy to make logos and designs for large companies. Pictures look more cartoony and cant really be used for editing pictures that are made in real life. Harder to create pixel perfect designs that are normaly used for bigger and more creative artworks. Gamemaker Allows users a good amount of control over creating the users game to their liking. The software comes with a lot of artwork and coding software to allow users to both make games, and create artwork. In the software users are able to use many different features such as brush tools to create pixel art sprites or the actual game maker to code and create unqiue games. Allowing the user to edit code manually from scratch or to edit it from a template. The user can follow various tutorials that allow the users to gain knowledge of better ways to make and create their games. In the software there are templates that users can use to help base the design on, such as, being able to create a box that allows users to set the limits of the artworks collision for use in-game. Users can pick to use the free trial that comes with less features or upgrade using  £121.76 or  £648.60 for upgrading in packages. The software is only sold from their main site to upgrade to a better edition of the software with more features to make games and create artwork. Have the ability to completely edit and make the game the way the user code it, users can add and remove any parts of the game or create new parts easily. Able to add a unlimited amount of graphics to the game without having to manualy manage each picture a user can use using the sprite function to see every picture the user has made in a group. Limits the user depending on the package they pick. Users also have to depend on which software they use as if they picked higher version of the software to use and edit users might get locked out of the older. The software is unable to play games that require a large amount of software such as a game that needs a advanced graphics card, this means that running any visualy amazing games can slow your pc down. Pictures made in Illustrator, due to this it takes on more of a cartoon logo look then a real life image when images that are made in photoshop are offen very realistic edits of real life images. Gamemaker can also be used in the same way however, using brushes that can be used to make pixel art Photoshop cost Gamemaker cost Illustrator cost Bibliography       Bitmap photoshop information http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/BitVect01CD/page_97.htm Photoshop Tool information http://www.photoshoplab.com/photoshop-tool-basics.html Formular http://www.intmath.com/vectors/math-vector-art.php www.adobe.com http://www.adobe.com/uk/creativecloud

Mental Imagery: Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mental Imagery: Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance? "It all comes from the mind. I've seen the most incredible success stories...because a person had a dream and it was so powerful no one could touch it. He'd feel it, believe it, think about it all day and night. That would inspire him to do things necessary to get the results he wanted (2)." -Arnold Schwarzenegger For the past few weeks, the world has been glued to their television screens, mesmerized by the breathtaking accomplishments of the 2002 Olympic athletes. As an avid watcher of ice skating events, I couldn’t help but wonder what athletes like the bronze medallist Micelle Kwan and the gold medallist Sarah Hughes were thinking prior to their final skating performances. Before the final skating event, both skaters physically practiced their performances. I noticed that in addition to physically preparing themselves by repeatedly running through their performances, Sarah and Michelle closed their eyes and listened to music before they skated. Did mental imagery help either of the athletes prepare and successfully execute their presentations? In other words, what are the effects of mental imagery on the performance of athletes such as Michelle Kwan and Sarah Hughes? Does it make a difference on performance if mental imagery of the desired outcome is absent or present? What is mental imagery? In The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance, Anne Plessinger describes mental imagery as the imagining of the execution of an action without actually performing the action. Plessinger also explains that mental imagery not only includes visual senses, but also auditory, olfactory and kinesthetic senses (4). Studies have demonstrated that mental imagery prior to athletic performance leads to better results than the execution of the action alone. Plessinger describes an experiment that consisted of a control group and an imagery group who were told to complete specific golf skills. It was concluded that the imagery group performed better because they had higher goals and expectations of themselves (4). Perhaps the mental preparation helped the imagery group’s brains acquire the right skills needed. Also, other studies have shown specific physiological differences (breathing, heart rate...etc.) with the addition of mental imagery before perform ance (1). Does this mean that mental imagery is linked to motor performance? Would athletes achieve the same or different results if they mentally prepare themselves or not? To answer these questions, I looked at the neurological aspect of mental imagery and motor preparation.

Essays --

ACCOUNTING – UNIT 3 Explain the difference between financial and management accounting, the fundamentals of management accounting. Explain how costs are classified using examples. Accounting is a systematic process or work that identifies, records, reports and analyses financial transactions and information of a business. It allows a company to analyse the financial performance of a business and reveals profit or loss for a certain period of time and the value of assets, liabilities and owners’ equity. Thus, its purpose is to provide information needed for decision making. However, there are two types of accounting. In this essay I am going to explain the differences between financial and management accounting including what fundamentals of accounting management are as well as the classification of various costs in accounting. Financial accounting is specialised to track a company’s financial transactions which are recorded, summarised and presented in a financial report or statements such as balance sheets, income statements, statements of cash flows and statements of owner’s equity. These statements are annual basis and considered external as they are given to people or stakeholders outside of a company. The audience of financial accounting reports are stakeholders or owners, lenders, board of directors and financial institutions, which are known as the primary recipients. Financial accounting enables them to see how the company has performed in the past. Once a company’s stock is publicly traded, its financial statements will be spread and the information will reach secondary recipients. They are competitors, employees, labour organisations, customers and investment analysts. The purpose of financial accounting is to provide e... ...f product. Examples of this type of costs are wood, electricity for factory, production workers wages, and so on. The indirect cost is the cost that cannot be easily and conveniently traced to a unit of product. This includes manufacturing overhead, rent, admin staff wages and so on. According to the behaviour, costs classify as fixed and variable. Fixed costs are the ones which remain constant or unaffected within a certain level of output or sales. Examples of fixed costs are rent, insurance, depreciation of building, managers’ salary etc., which remain constant even though a large number of units are produced. On the other hand, variable costs vary in direct proportion to the output. It can increase or decrease based on the production unit. Examples of variable cost are electricity for factory, materials used to manufacture a product, wages of workers and so on.

Dealing with Learning Disabilities Essays -- Education Psychology Essa

Dealing with Learning Disabilities â€Å"He’ll know things one day, but not the next†. â€Å"She is seeing or writing words or numbers backwards.† â€Å"She has difficulty grasping simple concepts†. These are comments made by teachers who have classified certain students in their classroom as having the unfortunate burden of a learning disability. A learning disability is â€Å"a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations†(Metzger, 1983, p7). Students with learning disorders may exhibit difficulty learning in a number of ways. Such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia all contribute to learning disabilities. Students that suffer from visual, auditory or motor handicaps, mental retardation, or emotiona l disturbance endure these same learning disabilities, but are usually more severe. These select students with diverse handicaps may encounter barriers that obstruct their success in education. When such barriers occur, adaptive technology is the appropriate solution. Adaptive technology is available for students on all different levels with numerous diverse learning disabilities and has played an important role is assisting these students to develop necessary skills for their academic success. In the home, classroom, workplace, and community, adaptive technology is enabling individuals with disabilities to be more independent, self-confident, productive, and better incorporated into the mainstream (Kelker, 1997). Educational Encyclopedias define the technology of ... ...the potential psychological stress and possible negative social ramifications of having to rely continually upon others† (Raskind & Bryant, 1997). It is quite obvious to comprehend that adaptive technology has proved to be an effective tool for special education students along with any other individual with a disability. There is an adaptive piece of easily accessible technological equipment for any disability one is attempting to overcome. Such powerful tools within a learning environment offer numerous directions through which to reach special education students and to adapt the learning environment to the students’ needs. The adaptive technologies available within today’s educational arena have the ability not only to develop the skills of a disabled learner, but also to help a student in need attempt to receive thenormal, good quality education they deserve.

Philippine Literature Essay

1. AWIT is a form of Filipino poetry. Its literal translation into English is â€Å"song,† although in the context of poetry, it is closer to the narrative. Ang awit ay isang uri ng tulang pasalaysay na binubuo ng tig-aapat na taludtod ang bawat saknong, na ang bawat taludtod ay may lalabindalawahing pantig, at ang tradisyonal na dulong tugma ay isahan (aaaa, bbbb, cccc, at iba pa). Karaniwang paksa ng awit ang pakikipagsapalaran ng bayani, ngunit ang iba’y tumatalakay din sa mga alamat at relihiyosong tula. Sa pag-aaral ng batikang mananaliksik Damiana L. Eugenio, ang â€Å"awit† ay walang ikinaiba sa â€Å"korido†, maliban lamang sa bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod. Ang awit, gaya ng korido, ay nagtataglay ng tatlong elemento. Una, ang pag-iibigan. Ikalawa, ang relihiyoso at pangangaral. At ikatlo, ang kahima-himala at kagila-gilalas 2. PROPAGANDA is a form of communication aimed towards influencing the attitude of a population toward some cause or position. Propaganda is information that is not impartial and used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or using loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. Propaganda can be used as a form of ideological or commercial warfare. 3. KKK – Katipunan Samahà ¡ng Kataà ¡staasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ngÃŒÆ' mgÃŒÆ'à ¡ Anak ngÃŒÆ' Bayan Formation July 7, 1892 Extinction May 10, 1897 President Deodato Arellano (1892-1893) Roman Basa (1893-1895) Andrà ©s Bonifacio (1895-1897) Headquarters Tondo, Manila; Kawit, Cavite Newspaper Kalayaan *The Katipunan (abbreviated to KKK) was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrà ©s Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer Josà © Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. The Tagalog word â€Å"katipunan,† literally means ‘association,’ comes from the root word â€Å"tipon,† a Tagalog word meaning â€Å"gather together† or â€Å"society.†[4] Its official revolutionary name was Samahang Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan ngÃŒÆ' mgÃŒÆ'a Anak ngÃŒÆ' Bayan[1][5] (English: Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation, Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociacià ³n de los Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, KKK. The organization has no affiliation with the racist group known as the Ku Klux Klan who are also associated with the acronym â€Å"KKK†. Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide with the rules established by the society.[4] Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its first and last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members. In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan’s existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patià ±o confessed the Katipunan’s illegal activities to his sister, and finally to the mother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage. Seven days after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the secret society, on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore their cà ©dulas during the infamous Cry of Pugadlawin that started the Philippine Revolution 4. KORIDO isang uri ng panitikang pilipino, isang uri ng tulang nakuha natin sa impluwensiya ng mga Espanyol. Ito ay may sukat na walong pantig bawat linya at may apat na linya sa isang saknong. Ang korido ay binibigkas sa pamamagitan ng pakantang pagpapahayag ng mga tula. 5. PLAY is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of scripted dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, as well a University or school productions. There are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference whether their plays were performed or read. The term â€Å"play† can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. 6. SHORT STORY is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose.[1] Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a â€Å"single effect† or mood.[2] In doing so, short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of an anecdote, yet to a far lesser degree than a novel. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel, authors of both generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques. 7. ESSAY is generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the author’s own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. 8. DECALOGUE ( EMILIO JACINTO ) Bonifacio realized that in order to strengthen the katipunan, the  members had to be disciplined and indoctrinated with the ideals of the revolutionary society. In his â€Å"Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B.† (â€Å"The Duties of the Sons of the People†), Bonifacio listed down the rules of the Katipunan which constitute a decalogue: I. Love God with all your heart. II. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of country, and thiis, too, is love of one’s fellow-men. III. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of your country. IV. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity, constancy, reason, and faith in your acts and endeavor. V. Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your honor. VI. It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of their own lives and wealth, anyone who runs great risks in the performance of his duty. VII. Our responsibility to ourselves and the performance of our duties will be the example set for our fellow-men to follow. VIII. Insofar as it is within your power, share your means with the poor and the unfortunate. IX. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis of love — love for your own self, for your wife and children, and for your brothers and countrymen. X. Punish any s coundrel and traitor and praise all good work. Believe, likewise, that the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given for the will of the people is also the will of God. 9. SEMI AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL An autobiographical novel is a form of novel using autofiction techniques, or the merging of autobiographical and fictive elements. The literary technique is distinguished from an autobiography or memoir by the stipulation of being fiction. Because an autobiographical novel is partially fiction, the author does not ask the reader to expect the text to fulfill the â€Å"autobiographical pact†.[1] Names and locations are often changed and events are recreated to make them more dramatic but the story still bears a close resemblance to that of the author’s life. While the events of the author’s life are recounted, there is no pretense of exact truth. Events may be exaggerated or altered for artistic or thematic purposes. Novels that portray settings and/or situations with which the author is familiar are not  necessarily autobiographical. Neither are novels that include aspects drawn from the author’s life as minor plot details. To be considered an autobiographical novel by most standards, there must be a protagonist modeled after the author and a central plotline that mirrors events in his or her life. Novels that do not fully meet these requirements or are further distanced from true events are sometimes called semi-autobiographical novels. Many novels about intense, private experiences such as war, family conflict or sex, are written as autobiographical novels 10. DIMASALANG Jose Rizal used the penname Laong Laan in the 1890s when he wrote poems and articles for La Solidaridad, then the Propaganda Movement’s strongest voice. Literally translated it means â€Å"reserved for a long time† and figuratively it means â€Å"laging handa† or â€Å"ever ready.† Dimasalang was the pseudonym of Jose Rizal that he adopted when he entered Freemasonry in 1883. He widely used this pseudonym in his articles in 1990’s. Literally [ hin] di masalang means â€Å"untouchable† in Taal Tagalog.

Isolation and Society in “Bartleby”

What motivates you to be reasonable when it comes to normal requests? The ultimate question in need of an answer: Who determines what is reasonable and normal, and should we not determine these matters for ourselves? Chaos would result if every individual were granted that freedom. Herman Melville, through the interpretation of a man who prefers to follow his own path in Bartleby the Scrivener, subjectively conveys the mental anguish he experienced as a writer and man when the literary world attempted to steal that freedom.From the onset of Melville's story, it becomes quite apparent that Bartleby is a man who prefers not to do what society wishes of him. He prefers not to honor any request from his employer that would make him deviate from what he prefers to be doing. Herman Melville's Bartleby is a tale of isolation and alienation. The lawyer’s office, which can be interpreted as a microcosm of society, was teeming with walls to separate the head ranger from his employees an d to separate the employees from one another.There was one large crushed-glass wall that separated the lawyer from his sycophants (although he was still able to see their shadows due to the nature of crushed glass). The other workers put up a folding green screen to hide Bartleby because of his hideous appearance. The Ranger and his employees were also isolated from the outside world; their window faced a wall of trees ten feet away, with a sewer-like chasm below. Other indicators of isolation are evident later in the story.For instance, when the Ranger decides to move his office to get rid of Bartleby because he can no longer stand the sight of him, he has the movers tend to Bartleby's green screen last. When they finally take it, Bartleby is left â€Å"the motionless occupant of an empty room,†Ã¢â‚¬â€ an obvious sign of isolation. Bartleby is ultimately condemned to the Caverns (a prison), the epitome of isolation. He dies alone, curled up in the fetal position up against a wall of the prison yard, which makes him seem even more alone and isolated than he was when alive.Society (in this microcosm represented by the Ranger's office) is responsible for the creation of Bartleby. Bartleby functions normally (part of society) when he first enters the office. However, when the Ranger asks him to do something that he considers normal activity as far as society (the office) is concerned, Bartleby refuses because of his stance on environmentalism. Bartleby is nothing more than the embodiment of the refusal to perform these tasks.Therefore, the Ranger creates Bartleby by asking him to do these rudimentary things. Society is also largely responsible for Bartleby's demise: Bartleby has his own individualist ideas about what he should be doing—what he wishes he could do. Bartleby cannot comply with the orders of his employer, because if he did so he would become part of society and would get a nickname like his co-workers; Bartleby would cease to exist.Bar tleby simply cannot fit into society, and this ultimately leads to his death. Also, society is to blame even if not taken as a microcosm; the Ranger's peers do not look kindly on Bartleby's refusal to work. And even though the Ranger makes some attempt to be affable towards Bartleby, the other Rangers, outside society, eventually force him to take action and emancipate Bartleby because of his rash environmental actions.The ideas of isolation and alienation are prominent in Bartleby. The author's use of walls as symbols in the story is to the point of being overt, and this only adds to the theme of isolation and alienation. Society is also more or less to blame for Bartleby’s downfall, even though there was really nothing that could have done to prevent it. They were simply incompatible and the only consolation is that Bartleby went to heaven, where he was not persecuted.

High Remarks for Hybrid Cars

QUESTION: Describe the different types of hybrid cars and how they are improving fuel efficiency. What are other pros and cons of driving a hybrid? —————————————————————————————————- High Remarks for Hybrid Cars It is no secret that one of the most popular trends in today's society is â€Å"going green† to help the economy, save the world, and so on. It is also no secret that gasoline prices have steadily increased over the years, and four dollars a gallon does not exactly agree with our wallets.In an effort to â€Å"go green† and save money on gasoline, hybrid cars have recently become a great option for those interested in getting high gas mileage and saving lots of money†¦ or so they think. Although hybrid cars have high gas mileage an d extend the time between visits to the pump, reviewing the raw facts about hybrid cars while asking the question â€Å"Do hybrid cars seem like a money-saving solution? † is a wise decision. While there are many different kinds of hybrid cars, they all share one common trait: a traditional, gasoline-powered motor and a new electric, battery-powered motor are both found within the vehicles.These vehicles use both motors at different times when on the go: the electric motor powers the vehicle when going less than 40 miles per hour, while the gas motor powers the vehicle at speeds greater than 40 miles per hour. While the functions of both motors may seem unimportant to some, consider stop-and-go rush hour traffic. Not only does the electric motor reduce smog levels due to its exhaust-free trait, but it also helps to save gasoline that is wasted when frequently pressing the accelerator.Another plausible scenario to consider is living in a small town where the speed limit rarely exceeds 40 miles per hour; traveling through these towns on electric energy can save gallons of gas, giving our wallets time to become more plump between each visit to the pump. The efficiency of hybrids are found in the vehicles' aero dynamics, weight reduction, and less powerful gas engine, making hybrid cars the most gasoline efficient vehicles on the market; these vehicles get an outstanding average of 48 to 60 miles per gallon.Although hybrid cars seem like the most logical way to go, a closer look at the cons of these vehicles can make anyone think twice. Because hybrids have both a gasoline-powered motor and a battery-powered motor, they are more likely to break down or malfunction due to the complexity of the system as a whole. These malfunctions can easily put the vehicle in an auto shop, causing an inconvenience on our schedules and our wallets. While hybrid cars do save gas when caught in stop-and-go traffic or driving through low-speed areas, the total savings aren't ex actly tremendous.Comparing a Honda Insight (hybrid car) and a Honda Civic (regular car), the annual difference between the fuel bills is only $230. While this may seem like a decent amount to save each year, take a closer look at the price of the two cars. Because hybrid cars are new, popular, and â€Å"money savers† (such as the Honda Insight), they costs a significant amount more than the standard cars equipped for saving gas (such as the Honda Civic); hybrid cars range from about $19,000 to $25,000, while gas-saving cars range from $14,000 to $17,000.People purchase these cars because the companies who sell them claim to save the consumers a fortune in gasoline expenses, however this doesn't seem to be the case when closely looking at these numbers. Over a ten year time period, a hybrid car would save approximately $2,300 in fuel expenses, but this amount of money fails to cover the payment difference for the car itself as opposed to a regular, strictly gasoline car (the d ifference between the cars being anywhere from $5,000 to $8,000). Hybrid cars also claim to get anywhere from 48 to 60 miles per gallon, which is a plus.However, this gas mileage is only about 20% to 35% better than a gas saving vehicle; gas saving vehicles, such as the Honda Civic, still get a decent average of 36 miles per gallon. After reviewing the price difference between the hybrid and a gas saving vehicle, the inability of the hybrid to replenish the money difference between itself and gas saving vehicles, the small amount of savings the hybrid annually provides at the pump, and the minuscule difference between gas mileage, an answer shouldn't be difficult to reach: Do hybrid cars seem like a money-saving solution?

Explain how Dickens conveys setting, character and atmosphere in the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’

In the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations' Dickens draws upon a wealth of literary devices which range from the carefully selected word to a rather grand style of writing in long, complex sentences. He focuses these literary devices on conveying setting, character and atmosphere which enable the reader to have a entertaining, fictional experience. Immediately, in the first line the reader realises who the main character is and begins to build a picture of him. The reader is conscious of an older narrator looking back on his childhood when the following line announces: â€Å"I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.† As the first chapter is all about â€Å"Pip† it is appropriate that readers should be able to envisage the main character who will transport them to a Victorian childhood. In the second paragraph the reader deduces that Pip is very imaginative as from the â€Å"shape of the letters† on his father's gravestones he has formed an image of a â€Å"square, stout, dark man with curly black hair.† It's important that the reader understands at this early stage that Pip's imagination has such a hold over him as later on in the chapter. It explains why Pip obeys the convict and is so frightened of him. The young boy is in thrall to his child-like imagination. The setting of the novel is closely associated with the main character as is revealed by the line: â€Å"ours was the marsh country†. The word â€Å"ours† is not simply a pronoun; it gives the reader the impression that he has always lived there like the generations. The word suggests he feels, even as an adult looking back on his childhood, somewhat proprietorial about the marshes. In short, the marshes were his homeland or heartland. The memory of that day at the marshes is described as â€Å"vivid and broad.† These words give the reader the impression that what happened was something unforgettable that stood apart from all of Pip's other memories in the way that vivid colours stand out and you remember them better. The word â€Å"broad† signifies a lot of things happened in the short space of time. Dickens goes on to describe the day as â€Å"raw† which initially seems to contradict the word â€Å"vivid† however it reinforces the idea that the day was memorable. The word is an interesting choice as it is often associated with cold and unpleasant experiences as opposed to â€Å"vivid† which makes one think of reds and oranges which are warm and cosy. . The area around Pip is a â€Å"bleak place overgrown with nettles†. Dickens' words seem to be chosen deliberately. â€Å"Bleak† is important as all the next paragraph is going to be about how desolate this area is and how Pip is alone where as the word â€Å"nettles† makes the reader think of being stung. When you're stung by a nettle you remember it because it hurts like Pip remembers this day. Throughout the opening chapter Dickens uses noun phrases to describe â€Å"scattered cattle†, â€Å"broken shoes† and â€Å"high tombstones† These enhance his description of place and in the â€Å"wilderness† of the marshes, the reader builds up a picture of there being nothing else there which makes it appear a very lonely setting where one may have to fight to survive. In effect the description of the setting foreshadows the fight for survival the prisoner will have, mentally and physically. Furthermore, the single word â€Å"wilderness† also has another connotation i.e. the marshes reflect Pip's inner feelings. Pip is â€Å"dark† inside as he has no happiness. He's a working boy whose parents and brothers have died which makes him â€Å"flat† as he has no highs or lows The setting and atmosphere link incredibly closely with one and another and without Dickens excellent description of the setting the reader would be unable to build such an atmosphere which engages their mind and senses building up fear and suspense. The reader understands Pip is alone however being alone can be very beautiful, peaceful and relaxing but the reader creates the scared atmosphere after Dickens adds the adverbial phrases and noun phrases like â€Å"place overgrown with nettles†, â€Å"dark, flat wilderness†, â€Å"low leaden line†, â€Å"distant savage lair†, and â€Å"wind was rushing†. All of these are dark, frightening phrases which don't describe any beauty. The description of the sea as a â€Å"distant savage lair† is also a very good description of what the marshes are to the convict. A â€Å"lair† is somewhere an animal often â€Å"savage† lives and the convict is living in the marshes and he is like an animal as he's uneducated and eats â€Å"ravenously† as well as having a â€Å"savage† mind and temperament for he makes threats involving blood (â€Å"savage† and blood are closely linked) and is physical unkind turning Pip upside down. The key thing about a â€Å"lair† is the fact it conceals the animal and the convict is much concealed as prior to him just appearing Pip is unaware anyone else is there; this links with â€Å"distant† as at that point any threat to Pip is very â€Å"distance† in his mind as he is believing that he's alone. The convict â€Å"started up from among the graves† is how his entrance is described but the words â€Å"started up† mirror and foreshadow how something else is starting up and that is Pip's change in fortune. â€Å"Started up† is also different and unusual in this context as it would normally be used for a car or a mechanical thing not a person. The difference between people and mechanical things are people have feelings and at this point in the story the convict is being portrayed as a cold man who doesn't seem to have feelings or concern for anything just gets on with life. Before the reader develops a sense of sympathy for the convict, his mannerisms make a reader afraid of him and understand why Pip as a small boy would have followed his orders. He never talks without issuing commands. His first spoken word is usually an imperative verb which gives the reader the impression the convict will not tolerate disobedience. The sentence, â€Å"Hold your noise!† hints at the convict's concern not to be discovered. He is a â€Å"fearful man† and a long descriptions of the convict follows in which Dickens uses a string of adverbial phrases to emphasise the dreaded physical condition of the convict who had been â€Å"†¦soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this way, a picture of sustained suffering is created that arouses the sympathy of the reader. Pip is under the sole control of the convict and has no room to negotiate with a man who is â€Å"so sudden and strong†. He has to do what the convict says for fear of the verbal threats becoming true and these are forced more on him by the convict's unkind physical treatment including turning Pip â€Å"upside down†. This re-enforces the frightening atmosphere to the reader as reading between the lines they see Pip has no way of escaping. When Pip speaks he does so in Standard English e.g. â€Å"My sister †¦ wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith.† In contrast the convict uses slang â€Å"pint† and â€Å"mind to't† and sometimes then he doesn't pronounce words right – he says â€Å"wittles† instead of â€Å"victuals†. Dickens endears Pip in the way to a middle-class audience. Dickens use repetition several times but changes it slightly each time he uses it. Sometimes he just repeats the exact same sentence â€Å"He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again.† This reinforces the point he is making of the convict having control over Pip and builds the reader's feelings even higher creating more of a frightening atmosphere. At other times his repetition is slightly changed by singular words, this links the second part back to the first and the reader is able to build a stronger link between the two. A good example of this is â€Å"partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to keep myself from crying.† here the reader sees how both bits are about the same issue, Pip holding onto the tombstone, and receives a better description of why he's doing it but by the repetition the link between them is strengthened. The final description of the setting refers to â€Å"horizontal lines† of â€Å"red† and â€Å"black†. Using â€Å"lines† is a really good description as â€Å"lines† are very insignificant to many people just like this area is insignificant so no-one hardly comes but without lines nothing would be in the world or happen. As lines form the foundations of letters which allow communication, lines are seen everywhere like on roads and things are built with lines – classroom desk edges are straight lines; and without Pip being a little line figure â€Å"intermixed† with all these other lines he wouldn't of met the convict, who therefore couldn't of been his benefactor which means Pip wouldn't of formed the foundations for his journey in becoming a gentleman. The first line description of a â€Å"long black horizontal line† is very significant in the fact it's very plain and simple and that reflects how the marshes were now, they were just simply plain marshes again. However it also reflects how Pip felt and how his life was just one â€Å"long line† that so far had never changed. Furthermore it also singles a slight change in the atmosphere although there is still the â€Å"frightening† threat of the â€Å"young boy† all the high drama has stopped so the reader can take a step back and is able to think about what just happened. Dickens uses similes in his writing to add extra description and allow the reader to imagine better. The use of a simile is very useful for describing the â€Å"beacon† as many readers may not have known what Dickens was talking about especially if they lived in the city but by saying it was â€Å"like an unhooped cask upon a pole† they are fully able to visualise what it is. So as well as telling a great story Dickens is also introducing his readers to new words. In addition Dickens talks about the convict â€Å"as if he were the pirate come to life,† by using a metaphor he's adding yet a different literary tool. In fact using the tool of a metaphor is very good as they create an image the reader can relate to and remember easily. But Dickens didn't just use any metaphors he carefully selected them using key words such as â€Å"pirate† which relates back to what he's talking about – the gibbet. â€Å"Pirates† are also scary and people that threaten others to get what they want just as the convict is a â€Å"fearful† person and has threatened Pip to get food. â€Å"But, now I was frightened again, and ran home without stopping.† is a fabulous final line which makes the reader hungry for more. This sentence sums up the entire chapter well as it relates back to Pip previously being frightened when it says â€Å"frightened again† however it leaves you very much on a cliff-hanger wanting to know if Pip gets home safely and if he returns with food for the convict. This was one of Dickens preferred styles as he wrote in episodes but now when they are all put together it forms something excellent as you read stories within a story. In general, Dickens' style of writing in incredibly long sentences helps set the atmosphere of there being something more to this story than meets the eye, this allows the reader's mind to work overtime and read between the lines. Sentences like â€Å"A man who had been soaked in water †¦ as he seized me by the chin.† and â€Å"On the edge of the river †¦ which had once held a pirate.† also helps build a clearer picture in the readers mind. All the sub-clauses in the sentences as well give Dickens plenty of time to describe every fraction of detail about the setting or a characters appearance which if you can give the text your full attention without any distractions transport you very easily into this world therefore you don't watch it like a movie but live it like a life. Sub-clauses in long sentences such as â€Å"soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones.† are dramatised by the use of commas before the word and. You would not think, especially not in today's modern world, that there should be a comma before the word and however Dicken's deliberately chose to do this. As by having the commas the reader has to slow down when reading the long sentences which gives them chance to digest what they have just read and it sinks into their head more. But in addition it also holds the reader in suspense, only for a couple of seconds, but in that time they build up an urge to read on. In conclusion, the opening chapter sets up the book as an incredibly worthwhile read which seems to semi-autobiographical and concerned with making a commentary on life, childhood and the class system of Victorian England. In order to express his views through a best-selling novel he combined a range of elements including romance, mystery, crime, comedy and sentiment. It's paramount for the reader to deduce and infer these from the description of the setting, characters and atmosphere allowing them to get the most out of this magnificent book. The opening chapter is a curtain-raiser for the rest of the novel in which Dickens takes the reader back in time to experience a Victorian childhood.

Azuria Medical Problems Essays - Medicine, Health Care, Free Essays

Azuria Medical Problems The state-run medical system has collapsed in Azuria, and only rudimentary care is available through NGOs (when they aren't being shot or kidnapped). Statistically there is supposed to be one doctor for every 4,640 people in Azuria. Diarrhea, communicable and parasitic diseases are rampant in the country. Chloroquine-resistant malaria is present in all parts of the country. Larium should be used for chemical prophylaxis. Cholera, dracunculiasis (Guinea worm), cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, relapsing fever and typhus (endemic flea-borne, epidemic louse-borne and scrub) are prevalent. Azuria is also receptive to dengue fever, as there have been intermittent epidemics in the past. Meningitis is a risk during the dry season in the savanna portion of the country, from December through March. Schistosomiasis may also be found in the country and contracted through contact with contaminated freshwater lakes, streams or ponds. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travelers coming from infected areas. There's also a pesky little problem with Tumbu Fly, a local maggot that burrows into human skin, munching on flesh all the way. The larvae grows big enough to rip out flesh before it turns into a fly. Hospital Resources No non-trauma medical care is being delivered at the hospitals. If the needs of those with chronic or acute medical conditions, such as diabetes, are being met, it is likely to be through the efforts of private physicians working out of their private homes in the community. Hospitals provide casualty care to heavily populated portions of the country. Digfer Hospital in Mogadishu has the capacity for about 650 inpatient beds, with an estimated current inpatient census of 1,000 patients. Benadir Hospital in Djibouti City has approximately the same capacity and current census. Medina Hospital in Mogadishu currently holds approximately 400 patients. Hospital needs in the north are served by a team of five Azuri physicians who set up the "Health Emergency Committee" on April 18, 2005. They work out of 27 converted villas, which have been combined to form what is called Karaan Hospital, where most of the emergency surgery takes place. An additional set of 16 villas in the north constitute a collective inpatient ward, Karaan 2, for patients who are convalescing from acute injury. The total number of patients hospitalized in these 45 villas is approximately 5,000 to 6,000 people. For medicines, the Karaan Hospital relies entirely on weekly supplies brought in by the ICRC. The physical condition of the acute care areas of these hospitals is uniformly austere and, with the exception of the casualty and operating areas of Medina Hospital, where the expatriate staff from Mdecins Sans Frontires-France (MSF) have taken over and renovated the most advanced of the city's surgical units, conditions are unsanitary. As the factional fighting prompted urban fighting and then as the intra-clan conflict broke out, makeshift casualty wards were set up in the existing entryway in the other two hospitals in the south during the course of the past year. During this year, both parties to the conflict have looted and destroyed public and private facilities. They have not spared hospitals. Digfer Hospital was particularly hard-hit and stripped almost bare of equipment, furnishings, and supplies. The ICRC had opened a hospital for the care of acutely injured casualties for the north in early February, but after one week of operations, was forced to close it abruptly in the face of active hostilities. (The hospital is operational again; see below). The surgical care structures on the north are even more minimal, since they were built as private homes. With the exception of the acute casualty and surgical areas of Medina Hospital, none of these hospital structures have screens over the windows to keep out flies and other insects. Electricity is available only to the operating areas on an intermittent, limited basis, from locally maintained diesel fueled generators. Running water is infrequent and unclean. There is no oxygen available in the city and no inhalation anesthesia possible. Surgical drapes are scarce or non-existent, depending on the site or hospital. Sterilizers occasionally work and are used according to varying routines and frequency. Much of the surgical equipment in most of the sites is re-used without interim sterilization over a 24-hour period. Casualty and operating areas are mopped down intermittently, depending on the volume of cases arriving in acute condition. Available antibiotics included penicillin and erythromycin; medicine for the prevention of tetanus was in short supply. Medical support can continue to be provided at its current rudimentary level only if the lifeline provided by the ICRC can be maintained. Medical supplies to both sides of the city and food rations for

The Archaeological search for the ancient city of Troy Essay

The Archaeological search for the ancient city of Troy - Essay Example According to the myth that he created, in the early childhood little Henry has set a fantastic goal - to find Homer's Troy and immortalize his own name. For this he earned a fortune and turned his life into one of the most amusing stories in world history. In this a very interesting tale’s finale: Troy has been found and wiped out. Heinrich Schliemann was born in 1822 in the family of a Protestant pastor in Germany. During his childhood he heard many stories about ancient castles and buried treasures. Those stories along with the "World History for Children" book, which he got when he was 8 as a gift from his father, according to him, became the impetus for the journey to a mythical Troy. Later, in his autobiography Schliemann wrote that when he saw pictures of Troy, the city, glorified by the blind Homer in the immortal "Iliad", he decided once and for all to find the city. Archaeology, the science of finding and excavation the ancient civilizations hardly existed in the begi nning the XIX century. And Schliemann's idea of basing his search on the work of literature, taking it at a face value sounded crazy. What if the poet, albeit the great one, used metaphors and wrote about imaginary things? Heinrich’s father fell into financial problems and the boy had to look for an employment. Beside the work, he was spending his money on further his education. Wanting to verify the statement â€Å"A man who speaks two languages is worth two men†, Henry decides to study foreign languages, starting with the mother tongue – German, polishing pronunciation. Using his own method of learning within only three months he learned English and French – within next months. On March 1844, after being fired from his next job, he approached the richest import and export firm in Amsterdam â€Å"Schroeder and Co" and offers himself as a commercial agent to work with foreign partners. â€Å"Schroder and Co† had the trading business virtually ever ywhere in the world and Heinrich proved to be a real catch for them. Not only he knew languages, he also knew how to trade. He was working for two people and receiving one salary. After a year of hard work he has made a great success – the director of the company made him his personal assistant. At that time the most profitable market for the company was Russia. Technical complexity of its development was that the representatives of Russian trading companies generally did not know any foreign language. It was difficult to negotiate. Schliemann took the initiative to rectify the situation and started to learn the Russian language. Soon he became fluent in it and was stationed to Russia. In 1846 Russia met Schliemann with intolerable cold. The path to his dream journey to Troy lied through the endless snow, which still had to be turned into gold. Spring brought Heinrich Schliemann fabulous profits. He started his own company and over the next few years he creates an entire trad ing empire, which specialized in the purchase of European goods in Amsterdam and selling them in Russia. It seemed the market in Russia is conquered, and Schliemann left to America, where he invested in gold mining. Profiteering gold was successful, but the outbreak of the Crimean War in Russia in 1854 opened new horizons for the company.

Statistics Quiz Multiple choice Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz Multiple choice - Statistics Project Example IV. If the process were repeated many times, each time selecting random samples of 500 people aged 20-24 and 450 people aged 25-29 and each time constructing a confidence interval for p1  - p2, 95% of the time the confidence interval limits will contain the true difference between the two population proportions. Assume that you plan to use a significance level of  Ã‚  = 0.05 to test the claim that p1  = p2, Use the given sample sizes and numbers of successes to find the pooled estimate  . Round your answer to the nearest thousandth. The table shows the number satisfied in their work in a sample of working adults with a college education and in a sample of working adults without a college education. Assume that you plan to use a significance level of  Ã‚  = 0.05 to test the claim that  Ã‚  Find the critical value(s) for this hypothesis test. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that a greater proportion of those with a college education are satisfied in their work? Use this approach to find the size of each sample if you want to estimate the difference between the proportions of men and women who plan to vote in the next presidential election. Assume that you want 99% confidence that your error is no more than 0.05. A researcher reports an F-ratio with df= 3, 36 from an independent-measures research study. Based on the df values, how many treatments were compared in the study and what was the total number of subjects participating in the study? A research obtains an F-ratio of F = 4.00 from an independent-measures research study comparing 2 treatment conditions. If the researcher had used an independent-measures t statistic to evaluate the data, what value would be obtained for the t statistic? An independent-measures research study compares three treatment conditions using a sample of n = 5 in each treatment. For this study, the three samples totals are, T1 = 5, T2 = 10, T3 = 15. What value would be obtained for SS between? An

NASA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NASA - Essay Example These are all good things but they do not necessarily bring about good results. The case study shows that the administrators and the systems need to be geared to solving real problems, and not just sustaining the system itself. There is no point in having an excellent health and safety system, for example, if it the accidents still happen and people still lose their lives. Another key role of public administration is to decide what needs to be done, and plan for that. Wilson’s comparison of the French and German armies at the start of World War 2 shows that it is possible to have excellent organizational systems, with everything working to plan, and yet, in the case of the French, have a plan that is not suited to the particular problems facing the organization. This means that public administration which is strong is not enough. It has to be facing the right direction and aiming for the right goals so that it can be effective at bringing about the desired outcomes. In some pu blic organizations there are very large resources devoted to the operation and so it is crucial that the senior teams think through very carefully what the priorities are, and what kind of change needs to be faced in the future. Simply maintaining the procedures that have always worked in the past is not enough. This may have been enough before, but because there are many variables in society, and because things change unexpectedly, an effective public administration needs to be flexible and able to take on board new ideas all the time. The example of the German army, and of some school head teachers, shows that highly committed individuals who can manage teams are an essential part of an effective administration. There has to be an ability to keep to an overall plan, but at the same time some small group independent thinking and action is absolutely vital. Public administration is often criticized because it is too slow moving, and over cautious. Society needs an administration tha t can respond quickly to crisis, and can break through all the red tape to take decisive action when there is a real threat. In the Centralia case study it is clear that the administrators all kept within their own narrow boundaries, and no-one stepped out to demand immediate and decisive action. Society needs this kind of leadership in public administration to identify crisis areas and respond immediately. Public administration has a very important role in society because it adds a professional dimension to community activities. Someone has to have a view of the big picture, and someone has to ensure that all the different branches of activity in society meet together for the good of all. I think Wilson’s description of the German army is a good one, because it shows that discipline and order can be matched with innovation and independent thinking. If everything was left to private individuals and companies, then there would soon be chaos and exploitation of the weakest memb ers of society. Public administration sets the standard for fairness and consistency, and it is the job of public administration managers to keep a good balance between following the rules and driving through change where it is needed. Question 2. On the basis of Long’s essay on administrative power and your analysis of â€Å"The Columbia Accident† what specific factors can you identify that can strengthen or detract from an organization’